What biological processes underlie this “resistance” to cortisol? Because this resistance includes the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis negative feedback regulatory centers in the brain and pituitary gland, this axis is activated to “overcome” or compensate for the glucocorticoid action defect (Figure 1). The production of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), arginine-vas...

The melanocortin-3 receptor-deficient (MC3-R(-/-)) mouse exhibits mild obesity without hyperphagia or hypometabolism. MC3-R deletion is reported to increase adiposity, reduce lean mass and white adipose tissue inflammation, and increase sensitivity to salt-induced hypertension. We show here that the MC3-R(-/-) mouse exhibits defective fasting-induced white adipose tissue lipolysis, fasting-indu...

A multisample, multistudy project aimed at understanding how individual differences in narcissism during early adolescence are related to distortions in the aggression, and the reactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to negative and positive experiences. The findings indicate that individual differences in narcissism are a remarkably stable aspect of personality during early adole...

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The Weibull distribution has been used in many different fields with many applications. Researchers have been developing various extensions and modified forms of the Weibull distribution, with different number of parameters. In this paper the Transmuted Additive Weibull distribution is used to find out the hazard rate function for the activation of the hypothalamic – pituitary – adrenal axis in...

Abst rac t Objective: To review the literature on the interaction between sleep and the immune system. Method: A search on Web of Science and Pubmed database including the keywords sleep, sleep deprivation, stress, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, immune system, and autoimmune diseases. Results: On Web of Science, 588 publications were retrieved; 61 references, more significant and closer t...

Severity of depression, as reflected by total scores on depression rating scales, has been established as one of several major sources of variance associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation in patients with major depressive disorder. To determine which of the symptoms comprising clinically defined severity of illness contribute most to this relationship, we studied the as...

Human studies show a link between stress and epilepsy, with stress causing an increase in seizure frequency and severity in patients with epilepsy. Many different animal model systems have been used to better understand this connection and the possible mechanisms involved. This review highlights the results of such studies relating stress and seizure susceptibility, with a focus on the hypothal...

OBJECTIVE This article reviews the state of the art regarding the association between glucocorticoid actions and both obesity and insulin resistance, two main features of the metabolic syndrome. METHODS A methodological assessment of the literature on PubMed and SciELO databases was conducted by using the following terms: stress, metabolic syndrome, glucocorticoids, obesity, insulin resistanc...

The typical neuroendocrine characteristics of the night eating syndrome have previously been described as changes in the circadian rhythm by an attenuation in the nocturnal rise of the plasma concentrations of melatonin and leptin and an increased circadian secretion of cortisol. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that night eaters have an overexpressed hypothalamic-pituitary-adre...