There are numerous common skin disorders involving hyperpigmentation, including solar lentigines, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, melasma, freckles, and dyschromia from photoaging. While these conditions are of an aesthetic nature, there is great interest in newer, safer, and more effective treatment modalities. Topical hydroquinone (HQ) has been the gold standard of skin lighteners for man...

Arthrobacter protophormiae strain RKJ100 is capable of utilizing p-nitrophenol (PNP) as well as 4-nitrocatechol (NC) as the sole source of carbon, nitrogen and energy. The degradation of PNP and NC by this microorganism takes place through an oxidative route, as stoichiometry of nitrite molecules was observed when the strain was grown on PNP or NC as sole carbon and energy sources. The degradat...

Abstract The present work reports the investigation performed by comparing adsorption abilities of modified/grafted polymethacrylic acid (PMAA) functionalized with dihydroxy benzene like catechol (CAT) and catechol-hydroquinone (CAT-HQ) an oxidative decarboxylation method using potassium dichromate as oxidant to absorb Malachite green (MG) dye from aqueous solution through batch experiments. pe...

Introduction: Benzene a well-known environmental pollutant is a human carcinogen which is involved in the manifestation of a number of malignancies. Activation of benzene and its reactive metabolites such as hydroquinone (HQ) leads to continuous production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing oxidative Stress. Curcumin, the yellow pigment of curcuma longa, has been shown to possess antioxi...

A goal of our research is to identify biochemical factors that underlie the susceptibility of bone marrow cell populations to benzene metabolites so as to develop a mechanistically based chemoprotective strategy that may be used in susceptible humans exposed to benzene. By doing biochemical risk analysis of bone marrow stromal cells from mice and rats and the human myeloid cell lines, HL-60 and...

Many antioxidants can be electrochemically oxidized using graphite-based electrodes; nevertheless problems arise due to the strong adsorption of redox species at the sensing area. We have demonstrated that boron doped diamond (BDD) electrodes do not show this property, which can be exploited for the design of a new amperometric sensor for the quantification of antioxidants as “total antioxidant...

Nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) co-doped activated graphene (N,S-AGR) was prepared by the one-pot pyrolysis of a mixture of graphene oxide (GO), thiourea, and potassium hydroxide (KOH), where thiourea acts as the source of N and S dopants and KOH is the activator for porosity. N,S-AGR with a dopant abundance of 2.8 at% N and 2.3 at% S was then used as a high-activity electrocatalyst in the fabricat...

The loss and gain of whole chromosomes (aneuploidy) is common in the development of leukemia and other cancers. In acute myeloid leukemia, the loss (monosomy) of chromosomes 5 and 7 and the gain (trisomy) of chromosome 8 are common clonal chromosomal abnormalities. Here, we have tested the hypothesis that metabolites of the human leukemogen benzene cause a higher rate of gain and loss among the...

The effects of all-trans retinoic acid (RA) on melanogenesis and the mechanism of its action in topical treatment have not been elucidated. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of RA on melanogenesis in the pigmented skin equivalent as well as in monolayer culture of melanocytes, and to determine whether RA, hydroquinone (HQ), and hydrocortisone (HC) show synergistic depigment...

Although the toxicity of benzene has been linked to its metabolism, the dose-related production of metabolites is not well understood in humans, particularly at low levels of exposure. We investigated unmetabolized benzene in urine (UBz) and all major urinary metabolites [phenol (PH), E,E-muconic acid (MA), hydroquinone (HQ) and catechol (CA)] as well as the minor metabolite, S-phenylmercapturi...