Microbial oxidation of milbemycin A4 at the C-25 ethyl group was performed. Milbemycin A4 was converted to 31- and 32-hydroxy derivatives by Circinella umbellata SANK 44272 along with 24- and 30-hydroxy derivatives. Related compounds, 5-ketomilbemycin A4 5-oxime and 13 beta-fluoromilbemycin A4 were similarly converted to the hydroxylated compounds by this microorganism. Absidia cylindrospora SA...

The anti-inflammatory effect of the aqueous fruit pulp extract of Hunteria umbellata K. Schum (Apocynaceae) was evaluated using the carrageenan- and dextran-induced rat paw edema, xylene-induced ear edema and formalin-induced arthritis inflammation tests. Oral administration of the extract produced significant (p < 0.05) antiedematogenic effect with a dose of 500 mg/kg throughout the period of ...

Local adaptation may occur when selection for heritable traits differs from environment to environment and gene flow among environments is restricted. In this study, we used reciprocal transplants to explore both the existence and possible causes of local adaptation in the clonal plant Hydrocotyle bonariensis at high and low elevations of sand dunes on St. George Island, Florida. Individuals fo...

Tree planting on abandoned agricultural land could both restore the soil quality and increase productivity of economically valuable woody species. Here, we assess impact mixed-species tree plantations at a site in Central Italy where intercropping systems were established 20 years ago former land. These include two species economic interest, Populus alba Juglans regia, one three different nurse...