Cold water or ice slurry ingestion during exercise seems to be an effective and practical means to improve endurance exercise performance in the heat. However, transient reductions in sweating appear to decrease the potential for evaporative heat loss from the skin by a magnitude that at least negates the additional internal heat loss as a cold ingested fluid warms up to equilibrate with body t...

Lake sediments in 10 Ethiopian, Kenyan, and Tanzanian rift basins suggest that there were three humid periods at 2.7 to 2.5 million years ago (Ma), 1.9 to 1.7 Ma, and 1.1 to 0.9 Ma, superimposed on the longer-term aridification of East Africa. These humid periods correlate with increased aridity in northwest and northeast Africa and with substantial global climate transitions. These episodes co...

PURPOSE To investigate whether exposure to cold could influence the thermal perception thresholds in a working population. METHODS This cross-sectional study was comprised of 251 males and females and was carried out at two mines in the northern part of Norway and Sweden. The testing included a baseline questionnaire, a clinical examination and measurements of thermal perception thresholds, o...

Demand for energy-efficient school buildings, which form a major part of public is growing in Iran. Window insulation required to reduce the amount energy wasted through openings. This study investigates effect double-glazing with aerogel compared 3 mm glazing pane and window terms solar gain cooling load. The case studies are primary schools Yazd (hot-dry climate), Bushehr (hot-humid Zanjan (c...

Human influenza infections exhibit a strong seasonal cycle in temperate regions. Recent laboratory and epidemiological evidence suggests that low specific humidity conditions facilitate the airborne survival and transmission of the influenza virus in temperate regions, resulting in annual winter epidemics. However, this relationship is unlikely to account for the epidemiology of influenza in tr...

Soil moisture is critical parameters in climatic and hydrological modeling and vegetation growth. Ground-based point measurement of soil moisture is liable but expensive and impractical for watershed measurement. Remote sensing measurement has provided thriving perspective for spatial and instantaneous measurement of soil moisture. Microwave measurement is effective and successful for surface s...

Energy efficiency in office buildings for the tropical climate has been a subject of much discussion in the building industry. The Malaysia Energy Commission Sustainable Building, also known as the Diamond Building was built as the third Government Energy Efficient building after the Low Energy Office (LEO) and the Green Energy Office (GEO). It is located in Putrajaya, Malaysia which has a hot ...