1. Introduction 2. Natural Law, the Human Right of Non-Discrimination and Intellectual Property Law (i) Natural Law and Intellectual Property Rights (ii) Human Rights and Intellectual Property Rights (a) International Law (aa) Non-discrimination (bb) Property rights (cc) Authors' moral and material interests (dd) Minimum standard of human rights under customary international law (b) Supranation...

cloning is a term traditionally used to describe different processes for duplicating biological material. a clone is an organism that is a genetic copy of an existing one. the use of the technique of nuclear transfer for reproduction of human beings is surrounded by strong ethical and legal concerns and controversies. some international organizations have made significant efforts to establish c...

the social situation of medieval britain prior to its conquest by william,duke of normandy, in 1066 ad was so retarded. but, soon after that it wasprovided with such a great legal institutions and culture that, even today,give rise to a great surprise as to their magnificence, causing admirations byscholars. but, it raises queries regarding the original source of those legalinstitutions, for wh...

Background: Observance of human rights standards and adherence to ethical principles and foundations prevents the vulnerability of governments to foreign decisions and guarantees the independence of countries in a world where interdependence is one of its characteristics. Governments, while having legal legitimacy, must also enjoy moral legitimacy. Otherwise, international organizations and oth...

in the system of international law, individuals enjoy some rights and states are initially obliged to grant of these rights, especially in the field of human rights and humanitarian law. if this obligation is not fulfilled, the responsible state has to compensate the injured individuals based on special rules of treaty laws and general rules of international responsibility, including customary ...

intelligence and of law have met and have merged into the interdisciplinary research field of artificial intelligence and law. Both fields use formal methods, with their strengths and limitations; in AI there are software, logic, and statistics, in law there are statutes, procedures, and institutions. Both fields are creative; in AI, systems are built, experiments designed, and paradigms replac...