BACKGROUND Infection of specific high risk Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) is known to cause cervical cancer and two prophylactic vaccines have been developed against two major high risk HPV types 16 and 18 for prevention of cervical cancer. Because of societal, religious and ethical issues associated with the vaccination of adolescent girls in India together with lack of awareness about HPV and ...

The evidence that high-risk HPV infections cause cervical cancers has led to two new approaches for cervical cancer control: vaccination to prevent HPV infections, and HPV screening to detect and treat cervical precancerous lesions. Two vaccines are currently available: quadrivalent vaccine targeting oncogenic HPV types 16, 18, 6, and 11, and bivalent vaccine targeting HPV 16 and 18. Both vacci...

HPV-associated diseases, such as cervical and other anogenital cancers, cervical and anal intraepithelial neoplasia, genital warts, and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis confer considerable morbidity and mortality, and are significant health care concerns. Successful vaccination strategies that protect against HPV infection are expected to substantially reduce HPV-related disease burden. Pro...

Human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly type 16, has been associated with more than 99% of cervical cancers. There are two HPV oncogenic proteins, E6 and E7, which play a major role in the induction and maintenance of cellular transformation. Thus, immunotherapy targeting these proteins may be employed for the control of HPV-associated cervical lesions. Although the commercially available prev...

Cervical cancer is the second cause of death from cancer among women worldwide. Long-term infection with the human papillomaviruse (HPV) can lead to malignant anogenital tumors. The HPV oncogenic types 16 and 18 account for approximately 70% of cervical cancer and have received the greatest attention. Two pharmaceutical companies, Merck and GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), have developed commercial versi...

In this paper, we review the published evidence about the long-term efficacy of the available human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines and their safety profile. Two prophylactic HPV vaccines - bivalent (bHPV) and quadrivalent (qHPV) - are now available, and vaccination programs are being widely implemented, primarily targeting adolescent girls. Efficacy has been widely demonstrated for both vaccines...

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are responsible for an enormous global burden of genital disease. HPV is annually associated with 500,000 new cases of cervical cancer and 250,000 cervical cancer deaths worldwide. There are more than 130 HPV genotypes that have been recognized from various clinical lesions. HPV types 16 and 18 are found in the majority of cervical cancer cases. The association bet...

Human papillomavirus (HPV), the most common newly acquired, sexually transmitted infection worldwide, infects about 75% of sexually active individuals in their lifetimes. The high-risk HPV types, the most common of which are HPV 16 and 18, cause cervical and other anogenital cancers, as well as some head and neck cancers [1]. Different HPV types are related to different lesion grades. HPV16 is ...

Licensed human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines provide near complete protection against the types of HPV that most commonly cause anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers (HPV 16 and 18) when administered to individuals naive to these types. These vaccines, like most other prophylactic vaccines, appear to protect by generating antibodies. However, almost nothing is known about the immunological memor...

BACKGROUND The prevention of human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced anal cancer in high-risk populations such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected men who have sex with men (MSM) remains an urgent priority, given rising incidence rates despite widespread antiretroviral therapy use. METHODS HPV genotypes and anal disease prevalence, by cytology and histopathologic findings, were evaluate...