Diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6 mice triggers common features of human metabolic syndrome (MetS). The purpose is to assess the suitability of a diet-induced obesity model for investigating non-alcoholic fatty pancreatic disease (NAFPD), fatty liver and insulin resistance. Adult C57BL/6 mice were fed either high-fat chow (HFC, 60% fat) or standard chow (SC, 10% fat) during a 16-week period. We e...

BACKGROUND This article seeks to inform state and local school food policies by evaluating the impact of Connecticut's Healthy Food Certification (HFC), a program which provides monetary incentives to school districts that choose to implement state nutrition standards for all foods sold to students outside reimbursable school meals. METHODS Food service directors from all school districts par...

BACKGROUND Fairness in financial contribution for health was determined by WHO (World Health Report, 2000) as the third goal of health systems which is measured by fairness in financial contribution index (FFCI). The aim of this study was to estimate FFCI and quantify extent of catastrophic household heath expenditures. METHODS We conducted a descriptive study during May 2008. Subjects were c...

In this study, condensation heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) of HCFC22, HCFC123, HFC134a and HFC245fa are measured on a horizontal plain tube 19.0 mm outside diameter. All data are taken at the vapor temperature of 39 with a wall subcooling temperature 3-8 . Test results show the HTCs of newly developed alternative low vapor pressure refrigerant, HFC245fa, on a smooth tube are 9.5% higher than...

microfinance, banking to the poor, is a recent global phenomenon introduced as a way for combating the poverty in the 1970’s. before that the poor were not allowed access to credit and loans due to the widespread belief that the poor could not repay loans. but microfinance movement with financial innovations reduced the costs and risks of lending to poor households, and presented as tool for re...

in this paper, the effect of financial liberalization on household’s budget liquidity constraint is analyzed with the use of an error correction model. financial liberalization will decline liquidity constraint, with expanding means of making future incomes available for present consumption. here a financial liberalization index for iran is defined using principal component analysis technique, ...

background: protecting households against financial risks is one of objectives of any health system. in this regard, iran's fourth five year developmental plan act in its 90th article, articulated decreasing household's exposure to catastrophic health expenditure to one percent. hence, this study aimed to measure percentage of iranian households exposed to catastrophic health expenditures and t...