this paper presents the bending analysis of annular plates by the indirect trefftz boundary approach. the formulation for thin and thick plates is based on the kirchhoff plate theory and the reissner plate theory. the governing equations are therefore a fourth-order boundary value problem and a sixth-order boundary value problem, respectively. the trefftz method employs the complete set of solu...

INTRODUCTION To evaluate the antinociceptive effect of mirtazapine and the mechanisms mediating this effect in neuropathic pain in rats with diabetes. METHODS The experiments were performed in Sprague Dawley rats using a hot-plate device. Streptozotocin (STZ) was administered to the rats after taking control measurements. Rats with a blood glucose level of 240 mg/dL or above in the blood spec...

OBJECTIVES Reduction of pharmacological effectiveness or tolerance appears following repeated administration of many analgesic drugs. We investigated tolerance to anti-nociceptive effects of orexin-A, an endogenous potent analgesic peptide using the hot-plate test. MATERIALS AND METHODS Orexin-A was microinjected ICV (intracerebroventricular) with an interval of 12 hr for 7 continuous days an...

Özet Amaç: Tek başına veya birlikte sistemik olarak verilen tramadol ve gabapentinin farelerde akut ağrıda olası antinosiseptif etklerini araştırmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Hayvan etik komitesinin onayı sonrası; 96 BALB/c albino dişi fare 12 gruba ayrıldı: (I) Enjeksiyon yapılmaksızın kontrol grubu, (II) salin uygulanan kontrol grubu, (III)-(IV) tramadol 10 mg/kg veya 30 mg/kg uygulanan gruplar, (...

BACKGROUND Pregabalin has shown remarkable antinociceptive effects in neuropathic pain; however, its efficacy against acute and visceral pain remained controversial. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed at investigating the involvement of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the antinociceptive effect of pregabalin in both acute and visceral pain using and comparing hot plate test and writh...

methanolic extract of solanum trilobatum linn. (mest) belonging to the family of solanacea was evaluated by hot plate and acetic acid induced writhing methods to assess its analgesic activity. the extract was also evaluated for its anti-inflammatory activity by subjecting into carrageenan, and cotton pellet induced granuloma tests for its effect on acute and chronic phase inflammation models in...

glutamate has a key role in pain perception and also development of tolerance and dependence to morphine. it has been reported that clavulanic acid affects glutamatergic transmission via activation of glutamate transporter. therefore the present study was aimed to evaluate the possible antinociceptive effect of clavulanic acid and its preventive activity against development of morphine toleranc...

This study was performed to assess the interactions that occur between delta- and mu opioid receptors by studying effects of the systemically active nonpeptide delta agonist BW373U86 and the mu agonist fentanyl in mice. Concentrations of the compounds were varied, and analgesic responses were determined by 55 degrees C hot-plate assays. BW373U86 produced hot-plate antinociceptive activity along...

Numerous methods of management applied in order to obtain higher therapeutic efficacy of drugs with minimum adverse effects include taking advantage of interactions taking place between individual agents. Analgesics are combined with drugs belonging to other therapeutic groups, including, more and more frequently, antiepileptic agents. The influence of oxcarbazepine (10 mg/kg) on the antinocice...

introduction: pain research using animal models is related to ethical concerns, so invertebrates and insects have been recommended by researchers. in the present study, the nociceptive and antinociceptive effects of capsaicin, aspirin, morphine and chili extract were examined using fruit fly (drosophila melanogaster) as an alternative for rodent pain model. methods: stage 3 of larvae and adult ...