in order to evaluate the effect of substrate and enrichment material on biological efficiency (be) and other physical and chemical propertiese of medicinal mushroom shiitake (lentinula edodes) an investigation was perfomed as factorial experiment in completely randomized designe with four replications in khorramabad city of lorestan continent iran. experimental factors were substrate in three l...

Plant parasitic nematodes need to overcome the barrier presented by plant cell wall in order invade their host. A variety of degrading enzymes are present endoparasitic including that degrade cellulose (beta 1,4 endoglucanases) and various pectin components. We describe cloning functional analysis genes encoding GH53 arabinogalactan endo-1,4-beta-galactosidases from three related Globodera rost...

The aim of this paper is to study the effect of substrate on the Cu3N thin films. At first Cu3N thin films are prepared using DC magnetron sputtering system. Then structural properties, surface roughness, and electrical resistance are studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), the atomic force microscope (AFM) and four-point probe techniques respectively. Finally, the results are investigated and c...

The human gut microbiota rely on complex carbohydrates for energy and growth, particularly dietary fiber host-produced mucins. These must first be hydrolysed by certain microbial groups to enable cross-feeding the community. We consider a mathematical model of enzymatic hydrolysis into monomers species. resulting are subsequently digested species growth. in single compartment continuous stirred...

For intracellular pathogens, residence in a vacuole provides a shelter against cytosolic host defense to the cost of limited access to nutrients. The human pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis grows in a glycogen-rich vacuole. How this large polymer accumulates there is unknown. We reveal that host glycogen stores shift to the vacuole through two pathways: bulk uptake from the cytoplasmic pool, and d...

The AvrPphB effector of Pseudomonas syringae is a papain-like protease that is injected into the host plant cell and cleaves specific kinases to disrupt immune signaling. Here, we used the unique substrate specificity of AvrPphB to generate a specific activity-based probe. This probe displays various AvrPphB isoforms in bacterial extracts, upon secretion and inside the host plant. We show that ...

The use of the host cellular machinery is essential for pathogenic viruses to replicate in host cells. HIV and SIV borrow the host-derived N-myristoyl-transferase and its substrate, myristoyl-CoA, for coupling a saturated C(14) fatty acid (myristic acid) to the N-terminal glycine residue of the Nef protein. This biochemical reaction, referred to as N-myristoylation, assists its targeting to the...

Fleas Xenopsylla conformis mycerini and Xenopsylla ramesis replace each other on the same rodent host (Meriones crassus) in two habitats that differ in substrate texture (sand and loess-like sediments, respectively). We hypothesized that the substrate is an important factor determining flea distribution and studied survival of larvae, pupae and newly emerged adults as well as the rate of pre-im...

Papain-like protease (PLpro) of coronaviruses (CoVs) carries out proteolytic maturation of non-structural proteins that play a role in replication of the virus and performs deubiquitination of host cell factors to scuttle antiviral responses. Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), the causative agent of bronchitis in chicken that results in huge economic losses every year in the poultry indus...

Certain bacterial adhesins appear to promote a pathogen's extracellular lifestyle rather than its entry into host cells. However, little is known about the stimuli elicited upon such pathogen host-cell interactions. Here, we report that type IV pili (Tfp)-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (P(+)GC) induces an immediate recruitment of caveolin-1 (Cav1) in the host cell, which subsequently prevents ...