background exploring changes in health inequality and its determinants over time is of policy interest. accordingly, this study aimed to decompose inequality in neonatal mortality into its contributing factors and then explore changes from 1995-2000 to 2005-2010 in iran.   methods required data were drawn from two iran’s demographic and health survey (dhs) conducted in 2000 and 2010. normalized...

Financial reports should provide useful information to both shareholders and creditors, according to U.S. accounting principles. However, directors of corporations have fiduciary duties only toward equity holders, and those fiduciary duties normally do not extend to the interests of creditors. We examine whether this slant in corporate governance biases financial reports in favor of equity inve...

We construct the contingent claims models that price participating policies with rate guarantees, bonuses and default risk. These policies are characterized by the sharing of profits from an investment portfolio between the insurer and the policy holders. A certain surplus distribution mechanism (reversionary bonus) is employed to credit interest at or above certain specified guaranteed rate pe...

CEN, CFRN, CPEN, and Tom Pietrantonio, BSRT, RRT-RCP, reply: In a study published in Respiratory Care, Shimizu et al3 concluded that the conventional adhesive tape methods had greater extubation force than the 2 endotracheal tube holders and that extubation force varies considerably depending on the width, length, and type of adhesive tape used. Mohammed and Hassan4 studied endotracheal tube sl...

We have analysed the determinant factors which condition firms’ employment of PhDs to undertake R&D activities. It has been traditionally thought that doctorate holders are employed only to generate and absorb scientific knowledge; nonetheless, our study has also revealed that there are additional reasons to employ PhD graduates. We have used an upstream–downstream approach of the innovation pr...

We develop a model in which cash-constrained entrepreneurs seek a venture capitalist (VC) to finance a new firm. Costly monitoring is employed by VCs to reduce entrepreneurial moral hazard. When monitoring reveals poor performance, VCs want to punish the entrepreneur with liquidation. However, when assets are specific and liquidation would lead to a loss, VCs choose to renegotiate the terms of ...