rubella or german measles is a mild contagious disease in non-pregnant women, but in pregnant affected mother’s possibility of fetus infection in the first twelve weeks of gestation is 80%. between 13-14 weeks of gestation is 54% and by the end of the second trimester is 25%. if fetus gets infected severe anomalies will progress. at present no vaccination against rubella is begin envisaged by t...

this study have done to assess knowledge 200 girls and boys from 20 schools in 18th districts in south of tehran about individual hygiene. for gathering data use a questionnaire by 30 questions about knowledge of health in different part of body. the results of study show most of subjects have relatively good knowledge about individual hygiene. but their knowledge in some areas is more than oth...

purpose headache at altitudes has had an incidence of 25-62% through many related studies. many reasons are identified concerning headache at altitudes such as acute mountain sickness (ams), sinus headache, migraine, tension type headache, and frontal tension headache. this study tried to compare different types of headache among trekkers on mount damavand, a 5671m mountain, iran, to find their...

background: the possible role of cochlear function in tinnitus generation is still a matter of debate. to assess the role of outer hair cell dysfunction in tinnitus and its possible relationship with ultra-high frequency (uhf) hearing sensitivity, transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (teoae) and uhf hearing thresholds were investigated in normal hearing individuals with and without tinnitus. ...

the standard approach to management of high imperforate anus is colostomy in the newborn period followed by posterior saggital anorectoplasty (psarp) at 6 to 12 months of age. the purpose of this study was to determine whether a one-stage repair by primary psarp in the newborn period could be performed without clear determent to the patient’s functional result. totally 30 newborns with high imp...

background: long distance truck drivers (ldtds) and their sexual health risk behaviors have been associated with greater prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (stis), hiv and hepatitis virus transmission. however, there is no information about iranian ldtds' high-risk behaviors. the aim of this investigation was to estimate the prevalence of high-risk behaviors in iranian ldtds. methods...