Hiccups, an involuntary, spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm causing an initial inspiration and sudden closure of the glottis, are experienced by almost everyone, yet the etiology and mechanism remain elusive and debated. The most accepted theory is the “hiccup reflex”. The hiccup reflex arc is composed of three portions, the afferent, central, and efferent limbs. The afferent limb comprises...

The fundamental problem in developing high-performance multimedia database servers is that images, audio and video data differ from numeric or text data in their characteristics, and hence require different handling techniques. Digital audio and video streams consist of a sequence of media quanta (video frames or audio samples) which convey meaning only when presented contiguously on time. In o...

Mixed autonomic hyperactivity disorder (MAHD) among patients with acquired brain injury can be rare. A delayed diagnosis of MAHD might exacerbate the clinical outcome and increase healthcare expenses with unnecessary testing. However, MAHD is still an underrecognized and evolving disease entity. A 25-yr-old woman was admitted the clinic due to craniopharyngioma. After an extensive tumor resecti...

The described case is of a 15-year-old boy who presented with a persistent hiccup and repeated episodes of left-sided chest pain. At computed tomography scan an exostosis originating from the costo-chondral junction of the left 4th rib was seen. The tip of the exostosis reached the external surface of the pericardium. Removal of a 2 cm rib segment including the implantation basis of the exostos...

respond to metoclopramide, domperidone, ranitidine, amantadine, levodopa, carbamazepine, clonidine, prazosin, haloperidol, methysergide, or metoprolol. He improved slightly with the application of scopolamine patches, which had to be stopped because of side-effects. Intramuscular chlorpromazine (25 mg) would sometimes prevent attacks for up to a week. He was prescribed baclofen 10 mg, three tim...

on the 28th day, one on the 19th day, and one on the 22nd day of the illness, each one with a varying degree of hepatic enlargement. In each case the liver has been more than three fingers below the right costal arch. The one seen on the 28th day had also an enlarged and tender gall-bladder. This hepatic enlargement has been extremely tender and painful, causing marked restlessness and hiccup, ...

A 79-year-old man, with history of recent laparoscopic cholecystectomy, came to our attention for persistent hiccup, dysphonia, and dysphagia. Noninvasive imaging studies showed a nodular lesion in the right hepatic lobe with transdiaphragmatic infiltration and increased tracer uptake on positron emission tomography. Suspecting a malignant lesion and given the difficulty of performing a percuta...

James J.P. Alix *, Athi Ponnusamy , Debapriya Bhattacharyya , Nigel Hoggard , Richard A. Grünewald e a Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, 385A Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield, UK Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital...