Avian influenza, commonly called bird flu, is highly contagious and pandemic zoonosis of global importance, primarily affecting birds other mammals, including humans. The present review intended to highlight a report on the prevalence avian influenza in humans different species Indonesia.The study based 27 scientific articles from 2004 May 2021 which determined mainly by following molecular, vi...

BACKGROUND Currently, Asian lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has become widespread across continents. These viruses are persistently circulating among poultry populations in endemic regions, causing huge economic losses, and raising concerns about an H5N1 pandemic. To control HPAI H5N1, effective vaccines for poultry are urgently needed. OBJECTIVE In this study, we develo...

Nonspecific inhibitors of rubella hemagglutination can be removed by treatment of sera with heparin-manganous chloride for use in the hemagglutination-inhibition test. After removal of nonspecific inhibitors by this procedure, an excess of manganous chloride may remain. This may cause the cells to agglutinate, thus obscuring the reading at low serum dilutions. This disadvantage can be overcome ...

Serum samples from 1,011 wild boars hunted in 2012 were collected for serological surveillance for 4 subtypes (pandemic A (H1N1) 2009 and classical H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2) of swine influenza virus (SIV). Samples from 12 of the boars were identified as positive for SIV (pandemic A (H1N1) 2009, n=9; classical H1N1, n=2; and H1N2, n=1) by a hemagglutination inhibition test (HI test) and a nucleoprote...

The hemolysis-in-gel method for detection of antibodies to rubella virus gave results which correlated well with results of hemagglutination inhibition and neutralization tests. With a diffusion time of 24 or 48 h, a linear correlation was obtained between the logarithm of antibody concentration and the diameter of the hemolytic zone. Fourfold, and even twofold, differences in serum antibody co...

Inactivated influenza vaccination induces a hemagglutinin-specific antibody response to the strain used for immunization. Annual vaccination is strongly recommended for health care personnel. However, it is debatable if repeated vaccination would affect the antibody response to inactivated influenza vaccine through the time. We enrolled health care personnel who had repeated and first trivalent...

Recent global warming trends may have a significant impact on vector-borne viral diseases, possibly affecting vector population dynamics and disease transmission. This study measured levels of hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibodies against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and neutralizing antibodies against Akabane virus (AKAV) and Aino virus (AINV) for Thoroughbred horses in Korea. Blood...

Canine influenza virus (CIV) is an emerging pathogen that causes severe and acute respiratory disease in dogs. Canine influenza is caused by two subtypes of influenza. A virus: H3N2 and H3N8. In recent years, surveys of avian origin CIV infection in dogs have been reported worldwide. However, little is known about the prevalence of CIV in pet dogs in China. In the present study, the prevalence ...

Nontreponemal antibody tests such as the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test are carried out on serum and widely used as screening tests for syphilis. The aim of the present study was to develop a screening test for syphilis making use of whole blood and VDRL liposomes. Antibody to human red blood cells was conjugated to VDRL liposomes and reacted with a diluted sample of patient w...