Electrolyzed reduced water (ERW) is widely used for drinking by people in Asia. The purpose of this study was to examine the immunological effect of ERW on the immunity of animals by supplying ERW to C57BL/6 mice infected with Echinostoma hortense metacercariae. In the non-infected groups, interleukin (IL)-4 (p < 0.001), IL-5, IL-10, IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and immunoglobuli...

The binding of 10 different lectins to the surface of microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti has been investigated. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and Helix pomatia lectin (HPA) bound specifically to the sheathed microfilariae indicating the presence of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine respectively on the surface. Exsheathed microfilariae did not react with any of the lectins. Tr...

This work was undertaken to study the mechanical factors affecting the function of the isolated heart of Helix pomatia in order to help understand the variations in heart activity observed in intact animals. Biedermann (1884), working upon the isolated heart of Helix, observed that the frequency of beat increased with distension of the heart. Biering (1929) found that in the isolated Helix hear...

The presence ofthe tricarboxylic-acid cycle (Krebs's cycle) has been demonstrated in most mammalian tissues investigated (Krebs & Johnson, 1937; Green, Loomis & Auerbach, 1948), where it appears to be the major pathway for the oxidation of carbohydrate, fat and protein intermediaries. No detailed examinations have been made in the invertebrates. However, evidence has been presented of Krebs's c...

*Permission to carry out these drug studies was granted by the Northwick Park Hospital Ethical Committee. steroids. The columns were washed with water and the steroids recovered by elution with ethanol. The ethanol was taken to dryness and the residue dissolved in 0.5M acetate buffer (pH 4.6) and the steroid conjugates were hydrolysed by two enzymes present in snail digestive juice (Helix pomat...

*Permission to carry out these drug studies was granted by the Northwick Park Hospital Ethical Committee. steroids. The columns were washed with water and the steroids recovered by elution with ethanol. The ethanol was taken to dryness and the residue dissolved in 0.5M acetate buffer (pH 4.6) and the steroid conjugates were hydrolysed by two enzymes present in snail digestive juice (Helix pomat...