The authors report on a new tungsten-hardmask-based diamond dry-etch process for fabricating diamond zone plate lenses with a high aspect ratio. The tungsten hardmask is structured by electronbeam lithography, together with Cl2/O2 and SF6/O2 reactive ion etching in a trilayer resist-chromiumtungsten stack. The underlying diamond is then etched in an O2 plasma. The authors demonstrate excellent-...

Kinetic aspect of Landauer’s blowtorch effect is investigated for a model doublewell potential with localized heating. Using the supersymmetric approach, we derive an approximate analytical expression for the equilibration rate as function of the strength, width and the position of the hot zone, and the barrier height. We find that the presence of the hot zone enhances the equilibration rate, w...

Larvae of many intertidal species develop offshore and must cross the surf zone to complete their onshore migration to adult habitats. Depending on hydrodynamics, the surf zone may limit this migration, especially on reflective rocky shores. As a logistically tractable analog of a rocky shore environment, we carried out a comprehensive biological and physical study of the hydrodynamics of a ste...

this study aims at assessing the impact of land use change (from forest areas to forest parks) on some silvicultural characteristics of stands under recreational land use in boloran natural forest park, kuhdasht. for this purpose, three zones including non-recreation, extensive recreation and intensive recreation regions were chosen. in each zone 30 sample plots in a systematic random design (1...

tea is very important product in many countries due to huge consumption in the world and its valuable contains. the traditional harvesting method needs to be improved due to its effect on yield and quality. mechanical plucking as a substitution to conventional method is spreading quickly and is necessary to be investigated for proper adoption. one of crucial factor has been noted to be the heig...