Purpose: Wearing high-heel shoes has become a habit among women of the present era. Statistics show that around 60% of women wear high-heel shoes at least thrice a week. High-heel shoes cause postural changes and damage body joints. The present study was conducted to assess the effect of high-heel shoes on the head protrusion angle. Methods: This study was conducted at University of Social Wel...

This paper presents a case study applying GNSS signals, which were reflected on the ground surface (soil, vegetation surface) to derive soil moisture and vegetation height data over a wheat crop field. The GPS antenna was installed at a height of 2.51 m. Soil moisture was retrieved as long as the vegetation height was lower than ∼20 cm. However, with a further increase in plant height, it was n...

Airborne laser scanner (ALS) data provide an enhanced capability to remotely map two key variables in forestry: leaf area index (LAI) and tree height (H). Nevertheless, the cost, complexity and accessibility of this technology are not yet suited for meeting the broad demands required for estimating and frequently updating forest data. Here we demonstrate the capability of alternative solutions ...

A Toposys-1 airborne laser scanner (ALS or LIDAR) measurement campaign was arranged in June 2000 (Kalkkinen) and another campaign with helicopter-borne TopEye laser scanner was arranged in September 2002 in southern Finland (Masala, Otaniemi). The Toposys flying altitudes were about 400 and 800 m above ground and for the TopEye, 100, 200, 400 and 550 m flying altitudes were used. Reference meas...

remote sensing and aerial photographs are used to produce medium to small scale images. however, for detailed information especially to estimate rangeland vegetation canopy cover there is a need to larger scale images. it is therefore necessary to study the technical applicability of different devices such as short range light airplanes, kites, gliders and balloons. in this research, we focused...

The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Digital Terrain Elevation Data (DTED) are used with the consensus view that it has a minimum vertical accuracy of 16 m absolute error at 90% confidence (Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 9.73 m) world-wide. However, vertical accuracy of the data decreases with increase in slope and elevation due to presence of large outliers and voids. Therefore, studi...

PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of intracapsular fracture lines of the mandibular condyle on the anatomical and functional recovery after non-surgical closed treatment. METHODS Clinical and radiological follow-up of 124 patients with intracapsular fractures of the mandibular condyle was performed after closed treatment between 2005 and 2012. The intracapsular fr...

[1] To investigate the morphology and distribution of pressure ridges in the northwestern Weddell Sea, ice surface elevation profiles were measured by a helicopter-borne laser altimeter during Winter Weddell Outflow Study with the German R/V Polarstern in 2006. An optimal cutoff height of 0.62 m, derived from the best fits between the measured and theoretical ridge height and spacing distributi...

wheat (triticum aestivum) growth and yield are depressed by physical and chemical interference of weeds. recently, wild barley (hordeum spontaneum) population has increased in wheat fields of many provinces of iran. since, little is known about the allelopathic effects of wild barley residues in soil, greenhouse studies were conducted to examine the effects of soil amended residues of wild barl...