We highlight 10 key aspects of coronal heating that must be understood before we can consider the problem to be solved. (1) All coronal heating is impulsive. (2) The details of coronal heating matter. (3) The corona is filled with elemental magnetic stands. (4) The corona is densely populated with current sheets. (5) The strands must reconnect to prevent an infinite build-up of stress. (6) Nano...

Asparagus spears are sensitive to thermal treatments. Lengthy pasteurization at elevated temperatures may cause severe thermal degradation. In this research we explored the application of short-time microwave pasteurization for pickled asparagus in glass bottles and studied the effect of this process on the textural quality of the products in comparison with the conventional hot-water pasteuriz...

This paper describes a method for improving the speed of actuators based on shape memory alloys (SMA) by increasing the rate at which an SMA element can safely be heated. The method consists of measuring the electrical resistance of an SMA element, calculating a maximum safe heating current as a function of measured resistance, and ensuring that the actual heating current does not exceed this m...

Hydrothermal carbonization of sugarcane bagasse using wet torrefaction is studied. The biomass is torrefied in water or dilute sulfuric acid solution and microwaves are employed to heat the solutions where the reaction temperature is fixed at 180 °C. The effects of acid concentration, heating time and solid-to-liquid ratio on the performance of wet torrefaction are investigated. It is found tha...

We calculate the thermochemical equilibrium of the diffuse interstellar medium, including ionization by a photon flux Fν from neutrino decay. The main heating mechanism considered is photoelectrons from grains and PAHs. For the studied range of Fν values, there always exists two regions of stability (a warm and a cold phase) that can coexist in equilibrium if the thermal interstellar pressure i...

This study investigated the effect of oxygen plasma treatment on the glass transition temperature of enzymatic hydrolysis lignin (EHL) derived from the production of bio-ethanol. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to obtain the glass transition temperature (Tg) of EHL. The results showed that the Tg value of EHL under different heating rates ranged from 160 to 200 °C, and there wa...

We derive self-similar solutions including cooling and heating in an Einstein de-Sitter universe, and investigate the effects of cooling and heating on the gas density and temperature distributions. We assume that the cooling rate has a power-law dependence on the gas density and temperature, Λ∝ρT, and the heating rate is Γ∝ρT . The values of A and B are chosen by requiring that the cooling tim...

BACKGROUND This study evaluated changes in ginsenoside compositions and antioxidant activities in hydroponic-cultured ginseng roots (HGR) and leaves (HGL) with heating temperature. METHODS Heat treatment was performed at temperatures of 90°C, 110°C, 130°C, and 150°C for 2 hours. RESULTS The ginsenoside content varied significantly with heating temperature. The levels of ginsenosides Rg1 and...

District heating pricing is a core element in reforming the heating market. Existing district heating pricing methods, such as the cost-plus pricing method and the conventional marginal-cost pricing method, cannot simultaneously provide both high efficiency and sufficient investment cost return. To solve this problem, the paper presents a new pricing model, namely Equivalent Marginal Cost Prici...

Alfalfa is usually wilted 15% or less moisture prior to baling for hay. However, harvesting at low moistures increases loss of leaves (protein) during baling and reduces nutritive value. In addition, long wilting times increases the risk for damage from rain. In order to retain more nutrients and prevent rain damage, hay can be baled at higher moistures but the risk of spoilage from undesirable...