Introduction The MSSS, described elsewhere (1), has been in use since 2003 and records Emergency Department (ED) chief complaint data along with the patient’s age, gender and zip code in real time. There were 85/139 hospital EDs enrolled in MSSS as of June 2012, capturing 77% of the annual hospital ED visits in Michigan. The MSSS is used routinely during the influenza season for situational awa...

............................................................................................................................ 5 Chapter 1: Introduction ..................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Thermal Characterization of Processors ......................................................... 6 1.2 Research Overview ....................

Aim. The purpose of this study was to determine the response of circulating markers of lipid and protein oxidation following an incremental test to exhaustion before and after 4 weeks of high-intensity interval training performed in the heat. Methods. To address this question, 16 physically active men (age = 23 ± 2 years; body mass = 73 ± 12 kg; height = 173 ± 6 cm; % body fat = 12.5 ± 6 %; bod...

We examined whether fatigue during exertional heat stress occurred at a critical internal temperature independent of the initial temperature at the start of exercise. Microwaves (2.1 GHz; 100 mW/cm(2)) were used to rapidly (3-8 min) heat rats before treadmill exercise to exhaustion. In a repeated-measures design, food-restricted male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 11) were preheated to three levels (...

Purpose: This study examined the possible causal mechanisms of fatigue during intense exercise in the heat in a group of nine sedentary women. Methods: Two strenuous cycling sessions were performed, at 100% of maximal aerobic power, either in neutral (N-Ex, air temperature: 22 ̊C ± 0.4 ̊C, air humidity: 53% ± 8%) or in heat conditions (H-Ex, air temperature: 35 ̊C ± 0.3 ̊C, air humidity: 59 ± 6). T...

Dehydration hastens the decline in cerebral blood flow (CBF) during incremental exercise, whereas the cerebral metabolic rate for O2 (CMRO2 ) is preserved. It remains unknown whether CMRO2 is also maintained during prolonged exercise in the heat and whether an eventual decline in CBF is coupled to fatigue. Two studies were undertaken. In study 1, 10 male cyclists cycled in the heat for ∼2 h wit...

In a hot and humid environment the risk of heat disorders is increased in general, and in particular in conditions of high rates of metabolic heat generation as during labor or endurance sports. Heat disorders include heat collapse, heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. Appropriate water replenishment, reduced physical activity and relief from heat exposure can prevent heat disorders. ...

A detailed description of a concentric annular heat pipe (CAHP) operation is presented in low to moderate temperature ranges (50–200◦C). The steady-state response of a CAHP to various heat fluxes in the evaporator and condenser sections are discussed. Two-dimensional mathematical modeling of the fluid flow and heat transfer in the annular vapor space and the wicks are described. The fundamental...