In recent decades, democratic countries have signed hundreds of international environmental agreements (IEAs). Most of these are weak and do not include effective enforcement. To study this puzzle, we propose a positive theory of IEAs in which the political incumbents negotiate in the shadow of reelections. We show that incumbents are prone to negotiate treaties that are simultaneously overambi...

The development of the human rights framework in place today can be charted back to the creation of the United Nations (UN) following the Second World War. The system of treaties gives formal recognition to certain rights for all human beings that states have a duty to uphold and protect. Children fall within the bounds of all human rights treaties but, because of their unique biological, econo...

This article analyses the response to COVID-19 pandemic and its securitising effect on health human rights globally. It asks whether measures taken control comply with emergency provisions limitations allowed under treaties, they will lead more permanent securitisation of sector. examines impact some introduced in Western countries answer question how latter be affected long-term.

This article tracks the shifting place of the international right to health, and human rights-based approaches to health, in the scholarly literature and United Nations (UN). From 1993 to 1994, the focus began to move from the right to health toward human rights-based approaches to health, including human rights guidance adopted by UN agencies in relation to specific health issues. There is a c...

The rise and decline of free trade in the 19th century and the attendant economic and political consequences of these trends have always intrigued historians and economists. In the difficult times following World War I, when international trade relations had to be rebuilt, the free trade episode among European countries in the second half of the 19th century was perceived as a golden age. Durin...

Native Americans are unique among domestic actors in that their relations with the United States government involve treaty-making, with almost 600 such documents signed between the Revolutionary War and the turn of the twentieth century. We investigate the effect of constitutional changes to the treating process in 1871, by which Congress stripped the President of his ability to negotiate direc...

Bilateral international tax treaties govern the host country taxation for the vast majority of the world’s foreign direct investment (FDI). Of particular interest is the fact that the tax rates used under these treaties are gradually falling although the treaties themselves do not specify any such reductions. Since there is no outside governing agency to redress treaty violations, such reductio...