Cognition, language faculty, Universal Grammar, Principles and Parameters, Transformational Generative Phrase Structure Rules, TransformationsThis review seeks to highlight Chomsky’s major contributions the field of linguistics. He changed linguists’ conception about nature language, from an externalized internalized approach. This shift also resulted in being thought as a cognitive phenomenon ...

The Ag-specific B cell receptor (BCR) expressed by B lymphocytes has two distinct functions upon interaction with cognate Ag: signal transduction (generation of intracellular second messenger molecules) and Ag internalization for subsequent processing and presentation. While it is known that plasma membrane domains, termed lipid rafts, are involved in BCR-mediated signal transduction, the preci...

B cell receptor (BCR)-mediated antigen processing is a mechanism that allows class II-restricted presentation of specific antigen by B cells at relatively low antigen concentrations. Although BCR-mediated antigen processing and class II peptide loading may occur within one or more endocytic compartments, the functions of these compartments and their relationships to endosomes and lysosomes rema...

CTLA-4 is one of the most important negative regulators of the T cell immune response. However, the subcellular distribution of CTLA-4 is unusual for a receptor that interacts with cell surface transmembrane ligands in that CTLA-4 is rapidly internalized from the plasma membrane. It has been proposed that T cell activation can lead to stabilization of CTLA-4 expression at the cell surface. Here...

Background In India, which has the third largest HIV epidemic in the world, depression and HIV-related stigma may contribute to high rates of poor HIV-related outcomes such as loss to care and lack of virologic suppression. Methods We analyzed data from a large HIV treatment center in southern India to estimate the burden of depressive symptoms and internalized stigma among Indian people livi...

Receptor-mediated endocytosis of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA)-plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) complexes results in their clearance by Hep G2 cells. After complexes are internalized, the t-PA component is degraded. However, neither the locus of intracellular catabolism nor the fate of PAI-1 has been elucidated. To characterize these aspects of t-PA-PAI-1 catabolism, th...

Classically, the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor and its ligand, IgA, are thought to be sorted from basolateral early endosomes into transcytotic vesicles that directly fuse with the apical plasma membrane. In contrast, we have found that in MDCK cells IgA is delivered from basolateral endosomes to apical endosomes and only then to the apical cell surface. When internalized from the basolater...

Purpose: This study was conducted to explore the mediating effect of self-efficacy in the relationship between internalized stigma and treatment adherence among community dwelling patient with mental illness. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed. Participants were 145 people with mental illness who were enrolled at one of 11 community mental health institutions in Busan, South K...