This article introduces the Haitian Independence Debt of 1825 to odious debt and sovereign literatures. We argue that legal doctrine is surprisingly perhaps indefensibly narrow possibly because historical contingency rather than any underlying logic or principle. The story serves as an illustrative case study. In context telling story, we provide estimates evolution Haiti’s external debt-to-GDP...

Historically, the cultural landscape of northern Haiti has been severely impacted by Amerindian, Spanish, and African cultures. Historical accounts often consider only transformations that left visible imprints in environment, neglecting or overlooking other social changes. This research provides a new set data, built upon results from mainly archaeological surveys. A biographical approach is a...