Measurements of contrast sensitivity are well established for modulations in luminance, red-green and yellow-blue color directions in color space. Relatively less work has been carried out, however, to measure contrast sensitivity in other color directions or to assess the effect of the average color of the stimulus has been largely ignored. In this study we have measured conventional contrast-...

Color naming across languages has generally been held to be shaped either by universal constraints, or by local linguistic convention. However, another possibility is that color naming may be influenced by local environmental factors, such as the relative frequency of different colors (color diet). This study investigates that possibility. Color diet correlates with the Köppen-Geiger climate cl...

A longstanding and unresolved question is how observers construct a discrete set of color categories to partition and label the continuous variations in light spectra, and how these categories might reflect the neural representation of color. We explored the properties of color naming and its relationship to color appearance by analyzing individual differences in color-naming and hue-scaling pa...

Red-green color blindness, “Daltonism,” is the most common single locus genetic disorder, affecting 6% of men worldwide. Gene therapy is a potential means of correcting the defective or missing locus through the injection/transplantation of a normal transgene. Through the evaluation of one case study, gene therapy has cured colorblindness in squirrel monkeys, and may provide promise for humans.

Light sources with three spectral bands in specific spectral positions are known to have high-color-discrimination capability. W. A. Thornton hypothesized that they may also enhance color discrimination for color-deficient observers. This hypothesis was tested here by comparing the Rösch-MacAdam color volume for color-deficient observers rendered by three of these singular spectra, two reported...

BACKGROUND Color morphs of an insect species are known to vary in activities of detoxifying enzymes and associated susceptibility to insecticides. In Diaphorina citri, three color morphs are known to occur. In the present study, susceptibility to four insecticides was compared among gray/brown, blue/green and orange/yellow color morphs of field-collected D. citri. RESULTS The orange/yellow mo...

There is enormous variation in the X-linked L/M (long/middle wavelength sensitive) gene array underlying "normal" color vision in humans. This variability has been shown to underlie individual variation in color matching behavior. Recently, red-green color blindness has also been shown to be associated with distinctly different genotypes. This has opened the possibility that there may be import...

The receptor mechanism for color vision has been extensively studied. In contrast, the circuit(s) that transform(s) photoreceptor signals into color percepts to guide behavior remain(s) poorly characterized. Using intersectional genetics to inactivate identified subsets of neurons, we have uncovered the first-order interneurons that are functionally required for hue discrimination in Drosophila...

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the changes in radiofrequency ultrasound local estimator (RULES) images with different instrument settings. An Esaote Technos MPX Color Doppler Ultrasound Machine and RULES were used to capture images of a gallbladder model. The percentages of various colored areas (color filling rates) within the area of interest were calculated using different inst...