Structural development in the prime sector has led to increasing herd sizes and new barn systems, followed by less summer grazing for dairy cows in Denmark. Effects of grazing on single welfare measures in dairy cows - for example, the presence of integument alterations or mortality - have been studied under different conditions. However, the effect of grazing on welfare, conceptualised as the ...

Background Low-moisture foods, such as nuts, generally have been considered low risk for foodborne illness because they are consumed in a dry state. In low-moisture foods the water activity (available moisture) is too low to support microbial growth. For example, the water activity in tree nuts is generally less than 0.7. This may lead to the common misconception that low levels of pathogenic b...

Animal production has moved quite rapidly to a consolidated structure of fewer, larger farms, ranches, and animal feeding units in both developed and developing countries. Driven by economies of scale arising from steady advances in technology, the trend shows no sign of slowing. This new structural concept and features increased concentration of large-scale livestock and specialty crop product...

important role in developing new treatments for fungal diseases such as athlete’s foot. “Fungi have a different mechanism from that of animals to produce lysine,” the reporter explained, “so if a drug can be developed that can disable the gene, it should be possible to treat people for fungal diseases without affecting their ability to make lysine”. The writer was presumably unaware that lysine...

Background Low-moisture foods, such as nuts, generally have been considered low risk for foodborne illness because they are consumed in a dry state. In low-moisture foods the water activity (available moisture) is too low to support microbial growth. For example, the water activity in tree nuts is generally less than 0.7. This may lead to the common misconception that low levels of pathogenic b...

We analyze the effect of Wal-Mart’s entry into the grocery market using a unique store-level price panel data set. We use OLS and two IV specifications to estimate the effect of Wal-Mart’s entry on competitors’ prices of 24 grocery items across several categories. Wal-Mart’s price advantage over competitors for these products averages approximately 10%. On average, competitors’ response to entr...

polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), whereas 135 congeners belong to the group of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF). Figure 1 shows general structures of PCCD and PCDF. Dioxins are widespread contaminants with no specific usage and they are not produced. They mostly appear as unwanted byproducts of different industrial processes, combustion in waste incineration, and in the production o...

Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne infectious disease that affects both human and animal health. This study was performed to characterize and investigate the prevalence of infection with Anaplasma bovis in Holstein cattle originating from two regions in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Blood samples (n = 151; 80 from Namwon and 71 from Jeju Island) were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction, and the prev...

The grazing behaviour and diet selection by Dorper sheep, as well as other related aspects (pasture intake, walking habits and trampling) is reviewed. It was clear that Dorper sheep are less-selective grazers, compared to Merino-type breeds. Dorpers utilised shrubs and bushes to a greater extent, but grass to a lesser extent in relation to Merino sheep. The Dorper also utilised a larger number ...

Grazing and burrowing organisms usually homogenise microalgal mats that form on benthic sediments of many aquatic ecosystems. In the absence of this disruption, microalgal mats can accrete laminated deposits (stromatolites). Stromatolites are rare in modern coastal ecosystems, but persist at locations where metazoans are largely excluded. This study aimed to assess the trophic structure at stro...