Repairing for death he targets of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) determine their own mode of death, say Dennis Keefe, Judy Lieberman, and colleagues (Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA). The dying cells patch themselves up so that rapid and messy necrosis is avoided in favor of a more lengthy and controlled apoptosis. The CTLs deliver their insult in the form of perforin, a pore-forming protein...

Purpose Regulatory T (Treg) cells are an essential subset of CD4+ T cells that induce and maintain immunological tolerance. Preclinical animal models have demonstrated that adoptive transfer of Treg cells can prevent or cure diabetes, multiple sclerosis (EAE), inflammatory bowel disease, lupus, arthritis, and graft versus host disease. Defects in Treg cell function and number have been describe...

In vitro studies have shown that naive CD8(+) T cells are unable to express most of their effector proteins until after at least one round of cell division has taken place. We have reassessed this issue in vivo and find that naive CD8(+) T cells mount Ag-specific responses within hours of infection, before proliferation has commenced. Newly activated naive Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells produce a r...

The lymphatic fluid originates from the interstitial fluid which bathes every parenchymal organ and reflects the "omic" composition of the tissue from which it originates in its physiological or pathological signature. Several recent proteomic analyses have mapped the proteome-degradome and peptidome of this immunologically relevant fluid pointing to the lymph as an important source of tissue-d...

Background: Breast cancer is currently one of the most common types suffered by women, with highest prevalence in all countries world. Herbal plants are thought to increase immune system against tumors, which okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) has potential as an anti-tumor and anti-carcinogenic. This study aimed assess efficacy ethanol extract on granzyme expression tumor mass diameter mammary aden...