The last few years have witnessed a rapid expansion of the World Wide Web, in particular concerning Web pages in other languages than English. This wealth of available multilingual information also led to a renewed interest in learning foreign languages. After a language student reaches a certain level of competence, the reading of written material in this language provides an excellent way of ...

We report the results of a study which tested receptive Italian grammatical competence and general cognitive abilities in bilingual Italian-Sardinian children and age-matched monolingual Italian children attending the first and second year of primary school in the Nuoro province of Sardinia, where Sardinian is still widely spoken. The results show that across age groups the performance of Sardi...

We may make an intuitive judgment that some linguistic expression is odd or deviant. But we cannot in general know, pretheoretically, whether this deviance is a matter of syntax, semantics, pragmatics, belief , memory limitations, style, etc. [Chomsky (1977:4)] 1 Introduction At least since the pioneering work of Chomsky and Miller (1963), it has been generally agreed within discussions of gram...

Collocation is known as one of the most problematic areas in learning a second language and it seems that if one has tendency to improve his or her communication ability in another language, the elaboration of collocation using competence is among the most important issues. This study investigated the role of implicit input enhancement in teaching grammatical collocations for Iranian EFL learne...

The success of long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks in language processing is typically attributed to their ability to capture long-distance statistical regularities. Linguistic regularities are often sensitive to syntactic structure; can such dependencies be captured by LSTMs, which do not have explicit structural representations? We begin addressing this question using number agreeme...

Since the discussion of the competence{performance dichotomy in Chomsky (1965), it has been commonly assumed that the problem of characterizing an individual's grammatical knowledge is distinct from that of characterizing how and whether a speaker/hearer builds grammatical representations during language production/comprehension. A linguist presented with data concerning some facet of language ...

Grammatical competence is the knowledge of and ability to use a language's grammatical resources. Understanding communicating meaning across generations, as well being able recognize properly constructed sentences that adhere these rules (Kusumawardani & Mardiyani, 2018). On other hand, students who have high self-esteem are more likely achieve their goals cope better with life's challenges...

Digitization causes fundamental shifts in economy and society. These changes will go in line with significant changes of corporate core competencies as well as the skills and capabilities of employees. Due to the increasing pace of technological development in production and service processes as well as the ongoing trend to automation classic educational approaches will no longer suffice to ens...