privatization is one of the policies adopted by the governments all over the world for economic and administrative reforms. the main objectives for these reforms include the cost reduction and the productivity improvements, among others. this paper also studies the impact of privatization in the east azerbaijan's telecommunications company on its costs reduction. to that end, using mann whitney...

To improve the air quality in winter, clean heating policy was implemented “2 + 26” cities of China 2016, which mainly included replacing coal with gas or electricity. Tremendous financial subsidies have been provided by city and central governments. This new mode changed fee-cost to residents. paper estimates economic costs both governments residents, evaluates environmental public health bene...

Jillian A Guthrie Ahigher than at any time since federation, and substantially higher than those inmostwestern European countries. Incarceration rates of Indigenous Australians match those of African Americans; these are the most intensely incarcerated subpopulations in the world. The over-representation of Indigenous Australians in all stages of the justice system is one of Australia’s most si...

Governments have been thrust to the forefront of health care reform efforts as growth in government health care costs was faster than growth in all other sponsor sectors in 1991. In the business sector, real health care costs per worker have risen 65 times faster than real wages and salaries per worker during the past 26 years. Households continue to devote 5 percent of income after taxes to he...

In these financial difficult years many European governments used global ceilings to control costs of health services. Two scenarios are thinkable. The first is that all individual providers get a budget for their own costs: general practitioners, specialists, hospitals, nursing homes and mental health institutes. The second scenario is to work with global budgets for health care providers serv...

BACKGROUND Whereas national prevalence estimates for workers' compensation benefits are available, incidence estimates are not. Moreover, few studies address which groups in the economy pay for occupational injury and illness when workers' compensation does not. METHODS Data on numbers of cases and costs per case were drawn from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and National Council on Compensat...

In a world of rapidly changing economic opportunities, institutions frequently lag relative to the objective conditions over which they apply, creating dysfunctionalities that can have high social costs. The Indian caste system is a classical example of such institutional slippage between division of labor and social class positions, with not only high welfare costs for members of lower castes ...

Vitamin A enriched rice (Golden Rice) is a cost-efficient solution that can substantially reduce health costs. Despite Golden Rice being available since early 2000, this rice has not been introduced in any country. Governments must perceive additional costs that overcompensate the benefits of the technology to explain the delay in approval. We develop a real option model including irreversibili...

EMU driven interest rate convergence has led to a significant reduction of borrowing costs for some European governments in the second half of the nineties. The paper deals with the possible consequences for deficit behaviour. Although the impact of interest rates on deficits is a crucial element of the market discipline hypothesis it has widely been neglected in the literature. In the theoreti...

unintended pregnancy is among the most troubling public health problems and a major reproductive health issue worldwide imposing appreciable socioeconomic burden on individuals and society. governments generally plan to control growth of births (especially wanted births as well as orphans and illegitimate births) imposing extra burden on public funding of the governments which inevitably affect...