Since the pioneering work of Windmueller and Spaeth, the importance of glutamine to the support of intestinal mucosal metabolic function has become generally accepted. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying this role still remain obscure. This paper explores a number of questions: 1) Is glutamine essential for intestinal function? 2) To what extent does this relate to its intermediary metaboli...

Glutamine is an important amino acid from a metabolic point of view. As an amino acid and a precursor for other amino acids, it sustains protein synthesis. It is also required for production of nucleotides (pyrimidines) and α-ketoglutarate (αKG). αKG is produced via double deamination of glutamine, a process termed glutaminolysis. Glutamine is first de-aminated by glutaminase (GLS) to produce g...

The objectives of the present study were to determine the splanchnic extraction of glutamine after ingestion of glutamine-rich protein ((15)N-labeled oat proteins) and to compare it with that of free glutamine and to determine de novo glutamine synthesis before and after glutamine consumption. Eight healthy adults were infused intravenously in the postabsorptive state with L-[1-(13)C]glutamine ...

First reported formally in 1980, the frequent ability of infectious fever to relieve autistic behavior, often dramatically (and rarely aggravate), has long tantalized parents, practitioners, and researchers - yet its physiology and biochemistry have never been investigated, to judge from the literature. Fever is a complex interplay of immune, metabolic, and stress responses, yet its benefit in ...

BACKGROUND Glutamine metabolism is a central metabolic pathway in cancer. Recently, reductive carboxylation of glutamine for lipogenesis has been shown to constitute a key anabolic route in cancer cells. However, little is known regarding central regulators of the various glutamine metabolic pathways in cancer cells. METHODS The impact of PGC-1α and ERRα on glutamine enzyme expression was ass...

ABSTRACT In order to evaluate the effect of total parenteral nutrition associated with glutamine and enteral fluid therapy, or not glutamine, on lipidogram horses subjected starvation (phase 1) refeeding 2), 16 adult healthy were used, mixed breed, aged between four fourteen years average weight 248.40 ± 2.28kg, divided into experimental groups, animals per group: Group ENTGL: therapy electroly...

Critical illness is characterized by glutamine depletion owing to increased metabolic demand. Glutamine is essential to maintain intestinal integrity and function, sustain immunologic response, and maintain antioxidative balance. Insufficient endogenous availability of glutamine may impair outcome in critically ill patients. Consequently, glutamine has been considered to be a conditionally esse...

A glutamine transaminase has been purified from the soluble portion of rat kidney homogenate; this enzyme, designated as kidney glutamine transaminase K, has different catalytic and physical properties from those previously found for the purified soluble glutamine transaminase of rat liver (liver glutamine transaminase L). Liver glutamine transaminase L is highly active toward methionine, glyox...

BACKGROUND Not only is glutamine deficiency an independent predictor of mortality in intensive care unit (ICU) patients, but glutamine supplementation is also recommended for its proven outcome benefits. However, recent data suggest that early glutamine supplementation in certain patient groups increase mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate plasma glutamine levels of adult ICU pat...

Glutamine is the most abundant free amino acid in the human body and is necessary to modulate the inflammatory and oxidative stress responses in patients.(1,2) Systemic glutamine availability is determined by the balance of endogenous glutamine production (mainly in muscular tissue) and its use by glutamine consuming organs (gut, kidney, liver and the immune system). Several studies show that i...