In this paper the individual and combined effects of random boundary and geometric imperfections on the limit loads of isotropic, thin-walled, cylindrical shells under axial compression are presented. Second moment characteristics of these imperfections are estimated by data of available measurements of imperfections, a simulation procedure based on the Karhunen-Loéve expansion is applied for g...

The article examines the imperfections and current trends in global trade, namely: widening of gap between developed developing countries due to new financial capabilities that issue reserve currencies; certain changes geopolitical rivalry protectionism; transformation biotechnologies into main driver economic growth, processes strengthening liberalization which is connected, on one hand, with ...

We derive asymptotic formuli for two dimensional steady state voltage potentials associated with thin, “curve-like” conductivity imperfections. Our derivation is formal, and based on asymptotic matching of terms in an appropriate set of integral equations. In combination with the formuli (rigorously) derived in [3] for imperfections of small diameter, these new formuli cover the generic imperfe...

We survey the theoretical literature on market liquidity. The literature traces illiquidity, i.e., the lack of liquidity, to underlying market imperfections. We consider six main imperfections: participation costs, transaction costs, asymmetric information, imperfect competition, funding constraints, and search. We address three questions in the context of each imperfection: (a) how to measure ...

We have theoretically investigated the effects of polarizer and analyzer imperfections in a phase-modulated spectroscopic ellipsometer adopting a photoelastic modulator. Jones matrices having off-diagonal elements have been introduced to represent the imperfections of the polarizer and analyzer, and the effects of the imperfections were analytically derived to the first-order approximation. It ...