this study was conducted to investigate theallometric growth pattern and sexual dimorphism in the skull of both sexes ofiranian brown bear (ursus arctos) in thealborz mountains using geometric morphometric and traditional morphometric techniques. morphometric parameters were obtained from 2d pictures of skulls using the software imagej and allometric growth pattern was calculated as a power fun...

The phylogenetic position of the Indian gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) is disputed--morphological characters place Gavialis as the sister to all other extant crocodylians, whereas molecular and combined analyses find Gavialis and the false gharial (Tomistoma schlegelii) to be sister taxa. Geometric morphometric techniques have only begun to be applied to this issue, but most of these studies hav...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the treatment effects on the maxillopalatal mandibular configuration by occipito-mental anchorage (OMA) (maxillary protraction) combined with chin cup appliance (CCA) therapy among growing children. The assessment of geometric morphometric, using Procrustes analysis, thin plate spline analysis, and growth-trended vectors, was applied and integrated t...

Scalation, colour pattern, linear and geometric morphometrics were used to quantify geographical differentiation in the long-nosed snake, Rhinocheilus lecontei, and to test the hypothesis that all four subspecies are morphologically distinct. Also investigated were potential associations between morphological (scalation, colour pattern, linear measurements) and environmental variables (climate,...

Approximately two decades after the first pioneering analyses, the study of shape asymmetry with the methods of geometric morphometrics has matured and is a burgeoning field. New technology for data collection and new methods and software for analysis are widely available and have led to numerous applications in plants and animals, including humans. This review summarizes the concepts and morph...

In vitro rearing is an important and useful tool for honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) studies. However, it often results in intercastes between queens and workers, which are normally are not seen in hive-reared bees, except when larvae older than three days are grafted for queen rearing. Morphological classification (queen versus worker or intercastes) of bees produced by this method can be subjec...

Acknowledgements The order of authorship reflects the relative contribution of individuals to the writing of this article. We would like to thank the following have provided support and/or encouragement for the bat echolocation research reported herein: Charlotte Walters, Lucinda Kirkpatrick, Stuart Parsons, and Alanna Collen. This investigation depended critically on the EchoBank bat echolocat...

Neuroanatomic phenotypes are often assessed using volumetric analysis. Although powerful and versatile, this approach is limited in that it is unable to quantify changes in shape, to describe how regions are interrelated, or to determine whether changes in size are global or local. Statistical shape analysis using coordinate data from biologically relevant landmarks is the preferred method for ...

Inter-population variation of cranial morphology, which plays an important role in human evolution studies and biological research, can be studied morphologically and metrically. Geometric morphometry compares body forms using specific landmarks determined by anatomical prominences. The aim of this study was to identify cranial shape differences between the crania of Byzantium period humans and...