there are several problems in matters concerning scientific explanation, the most important of which is offering a definition of explanation and classifying the different approaches taken in offering a model for scientific explanation. in this paper, we will go through the current approaches to explanation while presenting a definition of it. in their discussions about explanation, philosophers...

in dea to obtain an efficient representation in ccr andbcc models for each dmu only one linear plan would be solved; however,it is possible in centralized resource allocation (cra) to solve allthe dmus by one linear planning. in this paper, models of centralizedresource allocation in input-oriented and in dynamic case will be offeredand by using dynamic sbm, the representation of dmus in each t...

the medical education exists to maintain and regulate the standards of medical practice, protect the interests of the patients, supervise medical students, and give guidelines on ethical issues. the educational ethics provide general guidelines, and any disciplinary designated and will judge each case on its merits. this is not a comprehensive document and interpretation will depend upon circum...

Background Quality of life or more correctly health-related quality of life is currently receiving more attention in biomedical literature and outcome studies. However, there are several issues that we should be dealt with. First, measuring quality of life needs valid and reliable instruments. In addition, it is important to know how we conceptualize quality of life and reproductive health. Fin...

media (including books, newspapers & journals/magazines) is one of the most important elements in construction & institutionalization of modern identity. this paper will survey the role and importance of newspapers/journals in the national identity construct. for explaining the relations between these two variables, the following issues will be considered: • the construction of modern national ...

will is the basis and foundation of contracts and possessions; almost without which no contract and possession can take the religious and legal affects. heart is the place of will, and because will has a high dignity, it cannot attributed to any matter unless it is declared and manifested. silence is one of the means of interpretation of the will. it, like utterance, scribe, deed and gesture, h...