We present results for the lattice quark propagator in both Landau and Laplacian gauges using standard and improved staggered quark actions. The standard Kogut-Susskind action has errors of O(a) while the improved “Asqtad” action has O(a), O(ag) errors. This improvement is seen in the quark propagator. We demonstrate the application of tree-level corrections to these actions and see that Landau...

Abstract This paper presents a simple and systematic method to show how the potentials in the Lorentz, Coulomb, Kirchhoff, velocity and temporal gauges yield the same retarded electric and magnetic fields. The method appropriately uses the dynamical equations for the scalar and vector potentials to obtain two wave equations, whose retarded solutions lead to the electric and magnetic fields. The...

In this paper, the first silicon load cell is presented designed for measuring a load up to 1000 kg. A prototype has been realised. An improved cryogenic RIE process with high aspect ratio was developed for the fabrication of thin springs. Low temperature silicon direct bonding was used for the final assembly. The mechanical structure was tested using poly silicon strain gauges. Encapsulated re...

The two-dimensional material graphene promises a broad variety of sensing activities. Based on its low weight and high versatility, the sensor density can significantly be increased on a structure, which can improve reliability and reduce fluctuation in damage detection strategies such as structural health monitoring (SHM). Moreover; it initializes the basis of structure-sensor fusion towards s...

Local dry/wet conditions are of great concern in regional water resource and floods/droughts disaster risk management. Satellite-based precipitation products have greatly improved their accuracy and applicability and are expected to offer an alternative to ground rain gauges data. This paper investigated the capability of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) rainfall data for monitoring t...

The metrology implemented in several classical software equipping the coordinate measuring machines, does not correspond to the standardized tolerancing by zones, virtual conditions and perfect datum features fitted outside the matter. On the basis of these concepts and by generalizing them, a conceptual model of "fitting virtual gauges" is presented. On a part presenting two positional toleran...

Rainfall data is useful in many fields such as urban management, agriculture, and so on. Spatial interpolation is widely used to interpolation continue rainfall data from discrete rainfall gauges. The uncertainty in spatial interpolation is change in different region. Paper focus on urban small area of Beijing city, Xicheng District and analyses uncertainty of spatial interpolation from four as...

Early works have shown that highly reproducible piezoelectric film PVDF (Poly(vinylidene fluoride)) can be reliably used in a wide range of precise stress and stress-rate measurements. The direct stress-derivative or stress-rate PVDF signals have nanosecond resolution and higher operating stress limits than any other technique. Uses of PVDF stress gauges have been conducted in many fields of sh...

A flexible robot arm with strain gauges distributed on it is used as a sensing unit in determination of endpoint position and force of flexible manipulator. The position and orientation of the flexible arm is expressed as a function of the local curvature. An interpolation technique gave a continuous curvature function from a finite set of measurements made with strain gauges. The endpoint forc...

Linear measurement includes the measurement of lengths, diameters, heights and thickness. The basic principle of linear measurement (mechanical type) is that of comparison with standard dimensions on a suitably engraved instrument or device. Linear measuring instruments are categorized depending upon their accuracy. The two categories are non-precision instruments and precision instruments. Non...