A new paradigm has recently emerged in brain science whereby communications between glial cells and neuron-glia interactions should be considered together with neurons and their networks to understand higher brain functions. In particular, astrocytes, the main type of glial cells in the cortex, have been shown to communicate with neurons and with each other. They are thought to form a gap-junct...

Rats can readily be trained to jump a gap of around 16 cm in the dark and a considerably larger gap in the light for a food reward. In the light, they use vision to estimate the distance to be jumped. In the dark, they use their vibrissae at the farthest distances. Bilateral whisker shaving or barrel field lesions reduce the gap crossed in the dark by about 2 cm. Information from the barrel fie...

Weak–coupling calculation of the gap structure of doped n–leg Hubbard ladders Abstract In weak coupling, the spin gap in doped, even, n–leg periodic Hubbard ladders reflects the energy to break a pair into separate quasiparticles. Here we investigate the structure of the gap within a spin–fluctuation exchange approximation. We also calculate the amplitude for removing a singlet pair from two la...

We demonstrate plasmonic lithography with an optical contact probe to achieve high speed patterning without external gap distance control between the probe and the photoresist. The bottom surface of the probe is covered with a 10 nm thickness silica glass film for the gap distance control and coated with self-assembled monolayer (SAM) to reduce friction between the probe and the photoresist. We...

The GAP package QDistRnd implements a probabilistic algorithm for finding the minimum distance of quantum low-density parity-check code linear over finite field GF(q). At each step several codewords are randomly drawn from distribution biased toward smaller weights. corresponding weights used to update upper bound on distance, which eventually converges code. While there is no performance guara...

In this study, we developed a model of field emission at vacuum nanogap composed semiconductor electrodes and conducted numerical calculations to evaluate its characteristics. The current the silicon was also measured, results were compared with calculated results. Large-area nanogaps are expected be used for highly efficient room-temperature thermionic power generation owing their good thermal...

Euclidean distance embedding appears in many high-profile applications including wireless sensor network localization, where not all pairwise distances among sensors are known or accurate. The classical Multi-Dimensional Scaling (cMDS) generally works well when the partial or contaminated Euclidean Distance Matrix (EDM) is close to the true EDM, but otherwise performs poorly. A natural step pre...

We study in detail the excitation of gap solitons in finite-sized two-dimensional photonic crystals under various kinds of source configuration, including two external beams along different incident directions and a point source at different locations inside the sample. We find different types of gap solitons, such as soliton trains along different symmetry axes of the photonic crystal and soli...