The vertebrate neural crest is a pluripotent cell population derived from the lateral ridges of the neural plate during early stages of embryogenesis. Neural crest cells disperse from the dorsal surface of the neural tube and migrate extensively through the embryo, giving rise to a wide variety of differentiated cell types (Romer, 1972; Noden, 1983; Tan and Morriss-Kay, 1986; Bronner-Fraser, 19...

The mammalian dentition is composed of serial groups of teeth, each with a distinctive crown and root morphology, highly adapted to its particular masticatory function. In the embryo, generation of individual teeth within the jaws relies upon interactions between ectoderm of the first branchial arch and the neural crest-derived ectomesenchymal cells that migrate into this region from their site...

Gill lateral cells of Crassostrea virginica are innervated by the branchial nerve, which contains serotonergic and dopaminergic fibers that regulate cilia beating rate. Terminal release of serotonin or dopamine results in an increase or decrease, respectively, of cilia beating rate in lateral gill cells. In this study we used the voltage sensitive fluorescent probe DiBAC4(3) to quantify changes...

introduction: reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay is a useful tool for the detection of fusion transcript resulting from specific chromosomal translocation of the leukemia cells. a specific chromosomal abnormality, the philadelphia chromosome (ph), is present in 90% to 95% of cml patients.the aberration results from a reciprocal translocation between chromosome 9 and ...

conclusions the data indicate that esat6-cfp10 could support the survival of m. tuberculosis in the host through altering the host immune response. it also indicates that the host may gain some level of protection from a second exposure to m. tuberculosis, as evidenced by increased proliferation of nr8383-ec. background mycobacterium tuberculosis is the major pathogen of tuberculosis, which aff...

background: parathyroid hormone is an 84-amino acid peptide secreted by the parathyroid glands. its physiological role is maintenance of normal serum calcium level and bone remodeling. biological activity of this hormone is related to n-terminal 1-34 amino acids. the recombinant form of hormone (1-34) has been approved for treatment of osteoporosis from 2002. in this study, a novel fusion partn...

the osteology of the hyoid and branchial arches in several representatives of eurypterygian fishes were examined. the hyoid arches consist of a single basihyal and urohyal, and the arch on each side consists of a dorsal and a ventral hypohyal, an anterior and posterior ceratohyal, an interhyal, and branchiostegal rays that are borne on the ceratohyals. the branchial arches consist of three sing...

A vital dye analysis of cranial neural crest migration in the chick embryo has provided a positional fate map of greater resolution than has been possible using labelled graft techniques. Focal injections of the fluorescent membrane probe DiI were made into the cranial neural folds at stages between 3 and 16 somites. Groups of neuroepithelial cells, including the premigratory neural crest, were...

Chondrichthyans (sharks, skates, rays and holocephalans) possess paired appendages that project laterally from their gill arches, known as branchial rays. This led Carl Gegenbaur to propose that paired fins (and hence tetrapod limbs) originally evolved via transformation of gill arches. Tetrapod limbs are patterned by asonic hedgehog(Shh)-expressing signalling centre known as the zone of polari...