Medicinal foods and plants have been widely used as foods, dietary supplements, or medicines worldwide and demonstrated a diversified health benefits with a long history. The raw materials and finished products of botanicals are becoming increasingly popular to public and scientific communities , highlighting the need for analytical methodology to ensure the quality. The safety and efficacy of ...

A reappraisal of the phylogenetic integrity of bitunicate ascomycete fungi belonging to or previously affiliated with the Hysteriaceae, Mytilinidiaceae, Gloniaceae and Patellariaceae is presented, based on an analysis of 121 isolates and four nuclear genes, the ribosomal large and small subunits, transcription elongation factor 1 and the second largest RNA polymerase II subunit. A geographicall...

The trivial name 'phytoplasma' has been adopted to collectively name wall-less, non-helical prokaryotes that colonize plant phloem and insects, which were formerly known as mycoplasma-like organisms. Although phytoplasmas have not yet been cultivated in vitro, phylogenetic analyses based on various conserved genes have shown that they represent a distinct, monophyletic clade within the class Mo...

BACKGROUND Today most of herbal medicines are marketing without any standard safety profiles. Although common assumption is that these products are nontoxic but this assumption may be incorrect and dangerous, so toxicological studies should be done for herbal drugs. According to the frequent use of Echium amoenum as immunostimulant and useful in conditions including pain, cough, sore throat and...

Frequency and severity of anthracnose epiphytotics, caused by Colletotrichum cereale Manns Manns sensu lato Crouch, Clarke, and Hillman, on annual bluegrass (ABG) [Poa annua L. f. reptans (Hauskins) T. Koyama] putting greens have increased over the past decade. This 3-yr fi eld study evaluated the impact of N fertilization (4.9 kg ha–1 every 7 or 28 d), mefl uidide (ME; 0 and 0.106 kg a.i. ha–1...

Anthracnose (caused by Colletotrichum cereale) is a destructive fungal disease of weakened turf that occurs throughout the U.S., Canada and Western Europe (15) and is particularly severe on annual bluegrass (Poa annua). The frequency and severity of anthracnose epiphytotics on golf course greens has increased over the past decade (13,14) and is thought to be associated with some of the manageme...

e rc h re se ar ch ea rc h re se ar ch re se ar ch re se ar ch r rc h re se ar ch Best management practices for anthracnose on annual bluegrass turf 22 Green is Beautiful • Winter 2010 Anthracnose (caused by Colletotrichum cere-ale) is a destructive fungal disease of weakened turf that occurs throughout the U.S., Canada and Western Europe (15) and is particularly severe on annual bluegrass (Poa...