Along with ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors, the cystine/glutamate antiporter x(c)(-) may play a critical role in CNS pathology. High levels of extracellular glutamate inhibit the import of cystine, resulting in the depletion of glutathione and a form of cell injury called oxidative glutamate toxicity. Here we show that a portion of the cell death associated with NMDA receptor-in...

Nonclinical juvenile animal tests perform a valuable role in determining adverse drug effects during periods of organogenesis and/or functional maturation. Developmental anatomic and functional maturation time points are important to consider between juveniles and adults when regarding different organ toxicities in response to drug administration. The kidney is an example of a major organ that ...

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is well known for mediating the toxic effects of TCDD and has been a subject of intense research for over 30 years. Current investigations continue to uncover its endogenous and regulatory roles in a wide variety of cellular and molecular signaling processes. A zebrafish line with a mutation in ahr2 (ahr2(hu3335)), encoding the AHR paralogue responsible for m...

Biochar-derived C-Dots from Picea, Molinia caerulea and Elaeis guineensis were synthesized through a hydrothermal process, their physicochemical optical characteristics environmental effects compared. These characterized by techniques such as Attenuated Total Reflection–Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR), UV-Vis spectrophotometry, fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), Z ...

All of the α-subgroups share similarity in their sequence and structure but different in the toxicity to various voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs). We modeled the first 3D structural model of the Od1 based on BmK M1 using homology modeling. The reliability of model for more investigation and compare to BmK M1 has been examined and confirmed. Then the model structure is further refined by en...

Introduction . Among main curative substances in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia/lymphoma (ALL/LBL) is 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP). However, the severity of adverse reactions (ADRs) to this drug varies considerably among patients, which sometimes conditioned by individual single nucleotide polymorphisms key 6-MP metabolism enzyme genes. Aim — a literature review on role TPMT and NUDT15 gene variants ...

The silkworm extract powder contain 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), a potent α-glycosidase inhibitor, has therapeutic potency against diabetes mellitus. Therefore, natural products containing DNJ from mulberry leaves and silkworm are consumed as health functional food. The present study was performed to evaluate the safety of the silkworm extract powder, a health food which containing the DNJ. The re...

Among the rare earth elements (REEs), a crucial group of metals for high-technologies. Gadolinium (Gd) is only REE intentionally injected to human patients. The use Gd-based contrasting agents magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) primary route Gd direct exposure and accumulation in humans. Consequently, aquatic environments are increasingly exposed due its excretion through urinary tract patients f...

tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis and is the primary cause of mortality in the world. m. tuberculosis strains are important intracellular pathogens causing infection in oxygen-rich macrophages in the lungs. the emergence of aids, declined socioeconomic standards and a lessened emphasis on tb control programs have contributed to the disease resurgence. re...

background: herbal distillates had been used for many centuries as herbal medicine in traditional persian medicine. recently, some studies claimed the presence of methanol in different types of herbal distillates which can cause different complications or even death as methanol is highly toxic. the main purpose of this study was to determine methanol content in the commonly-used industrial herb...