BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Codeine-containing cough syrups have become one of the most popular drugs of abuse in young people in the world. Chronic codeine-containing cough syrup abuse is related to impairments in a broad range of cognitive functions. However, the potential brain white matter impairment caused by chronic codeine-containing cough syrup abuse has not been reported previously. Our aim...

One of the most practical means of measuring this important variable is by the temperature of the boiling syrup at a known absolute pressure or by reference to the temperature of water boiling at the same pressure. The so-called “Boiling Point Elevation” or “BPE” has long been used for this purpose. A considerable amount of care must be exercised in making the temperature measurements if they a...

Cane sugar, sucrose, is a molecule composed of one unit of glucose and one of fructose. In the body, both the glucose and fructose are eventually burnt to produce carbon dioxide and water and provide energy that allows the body to maintain homeostasis. Other dietary macronutrients including other carbohydrates e.g. as in taro, fats, protein and alcohol are also be burnt to provide energy. There...

For at least a thousand years sugar has been valued for its organoleptic and preservative properties and as an important trading commodity. The furore surrounding the report from WHO and FAO (1) which included a recommended upper limit for intake of free sugars, suggests that sugar is still of huge importance in the global economy. The article by Steyn and colleagues (pp. 599–608) explains a gu...

Organic brown rice syrup (OBRS) is a sweetener frequently used as an alternative to high-fructose corn syrup in organic and health food products. In a study of children’s foods, a team of researchers discovered high levels of arsenic in toddler formula products that contained OBRS. Given evidence that arsenic accumulates in rice at high levels, the researchers suspected OBRS was the source of t...

Dextromethorphan, or DXM (aka, Orange crush, Red Devils, Triple C's, Skittles, Dex) is a cough suppressant found in many over-the-counter and some prescription cough, cold, and allergy preparations, available in a variety of forms (e.g., gelcaps, syrups). DXM works directly on the brain to suppress coughing. When used according to package directions and/or as directed by a health care provider,...

The industrial finishing side-stream (FSS) of premium-quality Corinthian currants was used to produce syrups with/without pigment- and tartrate-reduction treatments. chemical composition, total titratable acidity (TTA; % w/w as tartaric acid), volatile (VA; acetic phenolic content (TPC; gallic acid, GA), antioxidant capacity (AC; ascorbic AA), volatilome (SPME GC-MS), sensory properties, microb...

BACKGROUND Oxidative damage is implicated in the etiology of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and other degenerative disorders. Recent nutritional research has focused on the antioxidant potential of foods, while current dietary recommendations are to increase the intake of antioxidant-rich foods rather than supplement specific nutrients. Many alternatives to refined sugar are available, includi...