White oak (Quercus alba L.) acorns from individual mother trees at Arrowhead Seed Orchard (ASO, Milledgeville, GA), Beech Creek Seed Orchard (BSO, Murphy, NC), and Savannah River Site (SRS, Aiken,SC) were sown in December 1999 at Whitehall Experiment Forest Nursery (Athens, GA). All 6 mother trees from BSO were grafted. By early April, germination exceeded 80percent for all but six families. Fi...

forest roads are directions in natural habitats that used to transport wood products, secondary forest products and recreation. constructing forest roads causes trees clearing with specified width thus lead to direct or indirect changes in forest ecosystems and forest environment. this study aims to assess the changes of diversity and richness indices in main and secondary forest roads in a par...

Insect-pathogenic fungi are important natural enemies of insect pests but their dynamics in the soils of different agroecosystems are incompletely understood. In the present study, the seasonal occurrence and species diversity of insect-associated fungi in soil were investigated by baiting soil samples with larvae of Galleria mellonella. The survey included insect-pathogenic fungi, opportunisti...

The study was conducted to assess the impact of mineral fertilizers applied soil on potassium level in components “soil-plant” system sour cherry orchard. experiment forest-steppe zone Central Russian Upland (Orel region) loamy Haplic Luvisol during 2018-2020. seasonal dynamics exchangeable potassiumin soil, status and productivity trees cv. ‘Turgenevka’ rootstock V-2-180 were studied orchard 2...

Colletotrichum fioriniae of the C. acutatum species complex is an important hemibiotrophic pathogen vegetables and fruits in temperate regions worldwide. In apple, it one primary responsible for bitter rot disease. Understanding disease cycle complicated because many broadleaf plants can be hosts fioriniae. By detecting quantifying rain-splashed conidia more than 500 samples from heavily bitter...

Abstract As demand for avocado climbs, production in Michoacán—Mexico’s biggest growing region—expands into new places. We use a spatial probit model to project the geographic distribution of likely future expansion and analyze those results determine (a) threats specific forest types (b) how is shifting spatially under current climate scenarios. Our suggest that Michoacán strongly driven by di...

In spite of selection for thousands of years, the avocado is still a poorly domesticated tree in the early stages of adaptation to an orchard environment. Cultivars based on Guatemalan and Mexican germplasm, for the subtropics and Mediterranean climates, have only been available since the 1920's, and even in the best growing conditions the yield barrier of 30 t·ha is hard to breach. Tropical “W...

We introduce the Orchard crossing number, which is defined in a similar way to the well-known rectilinear crossing number. We compute the Orchard crossing number for some simple families of graphs. We also prove some properties of this crossing number. Moreover, we define a variant of this crossing number which is tightly connected to the rectilinear crossing number, and compute it for some sim...