Social Pressure Influences Decisions of Individuals: Evidence from the Behavior of Football Referees Analyzing the neutrality of referees during twelve German premier league (1st Bundesliga) football seasons, this paper documents evidence that social forces influence agents’ preferences and decisions. Those, who are appointed to be impartial, tend to favor the home team as they systematically a...

Football analytics has been on the rise, yet no previous efforts have been made to compute the probability a possession becomes a goal, like in basketball. In this paper goal probabilities will be modeled for the English Premier League for the season 2016/2017. Ridged logistic regression with a sliding window approach will be used to model the sequential information in possession chains. Severa...

Football analytics has been on the rise, yet no previous efforts have been made to compute the probability a possession becomes a goal, like in basketball. In this paper goal probabilities will be modeled for the English Premier League for the season 2016/2017. Ridged logistic regression with a sliding window approach will be used to model the sequential information in possession chains. Severa...

Despite their importance, referees are an often overlooked part of professional football. Referees integral the global game and required for fixtures to take place competitions occur. The English Premier League (EPL) provides a unique backdrop consider development within league, from formation up until present day. have dealt with numerous changes, developments technological advancements contin...

Head injuries are relatively common in football, accounting for up to 22% of all injuries in the sport(1). A significant fraction of these injuries are concussions, which are states of neural dysfunction resulting from head trauma in which there is the possibility of auditory abnormalities may also be observed as part of the concussive state. Concussions in football players have been linked wit...

This article is concerned with an emerging trend in political participation: the role played by football fans engendering activism and protest. The of fan debate on patterns civic (dis)engagement – age so-called anti-politics has been ignored scholarly literature thus far. As a corrective, this examines development over last thirty years, since creation English Premier League 1992. It adopts ca...

Background. Brand personality as a part of brand identity plays an important role in communications; if a brand has no personality, it cannot introduce itself and stay in the mind of the customer. Customer understanding about a brand is far more important than what is expressed as brand reality. Thus, developing an appropriate personality for creating a compatible image of the brand in the cust...

The formation of the English Premier League (EPL) in 1992 heralded a digital and financial revolution within game. Broadcasting fees rose exponentially, clubs became cash rich attractive purchases for foreign investment. Our paper examines change competitive balance top tier football since inception EPL, focusing on 56 seasons between 1964/65 2019/20. analysis shows that has declined EPL era le...