Raising tobacco taxes can have an income distributional impact on the population. Since lower socio-economic groups usually smoke more, they also contribute more to total cigarette tax collection. Thus, those who can afford it least contribute the most in terms of tobacco taxes. This means that tobacco taxes are regressive. However, tobacco tax increases are likely to be progressive, decreasing...

Economic theory states that on market with imperfect competition, per unit consumption taxes should induce a larger increase of prices than ad valorem consumption taxes. It implies that consumers bear a larger share of the tax burden for per unit consumption taxes than for ad valorem consumption taxes. The present paper aims at testing empirically this theoretical result. It uses the French mar...

Many states in the US impose taxes on hazardous waste. This paper conducts an empirical evaluation of the determinants of these taxes and reviews earlier research on their effects on hazardous waste. Earlier studies have shown that the taxes affect waste management, but my results and other evidence suggest that the tax-induced changes may not have improved welfare. Taxes on industrial hazardou...

We find a limited parallel between lump-sum taxes and environmental taxes. Corollary 2, which extends Sandmo’s observation, shows that appropriated corrective revenues have the same non-distortionary effects as lump-sum taxes, the result reducing to the original observation when the appropriated corrective revenues meet the revenue need and achieve first-best efficiency with other taxes set at ...

Domestic US sugar production has been protected by government policy for the past 82 years, resulting in elevated domestic prices and an estimated annual (2013) $1.4 billion dollar "tax" on consumers. These elevated prices and the simultaneous federal support for domestic corn production have ensured a strong market for high-fructose corn syrup. Americans have dramatically increased their consu...

Taxes are usually called distortionary if they are not lump-sum (Ballard and Fullerton 1992). It is well known that if distortionary taxes are introduced in a formerly Pareto efficient perfectly competitive economy they induce an excess burden on the economy. But suppose, the economy is subject to pollution that renders the competitive allocation inefficient in the absence of any taxes. Then it...

The study examined the impact of Covid-19 pandemic on selected small and medium enterprises in Kaduna metropolis-Nigeria. Three essentials- food consumables, pharmaceuticals, oil, gas metropolis were purposively sampled. Data collected with administration a structured set questionnaires 110 SMEs which purposively. Results indicated that experienced moderate reduction production sales during loc...