Islam is regarded to pay attention to the characteristics of urban life which can be practiced on the urban settings. Not surprisingly, Islam has made a great focus on the form and design of cities and prescribed detailed and elaborate regulations for individual and communal life. Seen from other way round, the penetration of Islam into various regions such as Iran, Europe, and Africa had an un...

This paper investigates the syntax-semantics interface of the focus particle 還 hai 'HAI' in Mandarin Chinese. In particular, this paper argues that the various interpretations of hai observed in the previous studies can be explained by the syntactic positions where it occurs. Based on the word order of hai and adverbials that occupy fixed positions, I map out the typography of hai: Hai occurrin...

The relation between focus and prosody has long been recognized (Halliday 1967, 1970; Chomsky 1971; JackendoV 1972), but it remains an issue of contention as to how this relation is established. On the one hand, focus has an eVect on grammatical meaning. On the other hand, phrasal prominence plays an important role in determining which parts of the sentence can be interpreted as focused, i.e. a...

Manually performed treebanking is an expensive effort compared with automatic annotation. In return, manual treebanking is generally believed to provide higherquality/value syntactic annotation than automatic methods. Unfortunately, there is little or no empirical evidence for or against this belief, though arguments have been voiced for the high degree of subjectivity in other levels of lingui...

Similarity between words is becoming a generic problem for many applications of computational linguistics, and computing word similarities is determined by word representations. Inspired by the analogies between words and lymphocytes, a lymphocyte-style word representation is proposed. The word representation is built on the basis of dependency syntax of sentences and represent word context as ...

We describe the methods and resources used to build FinnTreeBank-3, a 76.4 million token corpus of Finnish with automatically produced morphological and dependency syntax analyses. Starting from a definition of the target dependency scheme, we show how existing resources are transformed to conform to this definition and subsequently used to develop a parsing pipeline capable of processing a lar...