We calculate the modulation of the reflection coefficient for a frequency-modulated (FM) light beam incident on the interface between a dielectric and an atomic

An audio watermarking system based on multiple echoes hiding is designed for frequency modulation (FM) broadcasting. The embedded watermarking information of 16 bits can be recovered from the receiver by recording the broadcast for any 1 second. On the premise of guaranteeing the high imperceptibility and robustness, the multiple echoes scheme we proposed has a higher capacity. The proposed sys...

This paper proposes a novel multiple amplitude modulation and frequency (AM–FM) demodulation method based on local signal bispectrum (LMSB), which can demodulate the fault features of different components from gearbox with multi-mesh bands multi-modulation components. Firstly, collected measurement is decomposed into series sub-band signals, generated signals are demodulated by (MSB), realizes ...

The lateralization of functions to individual hemispheres of the mammalian brain remains, with the exception of the human brain, unresolved. The aim of this work was to investigate the ability to discriminate between falling and rising frequency-modulated (FM) stimuli in rats with unilateral or bilateral lesions of the auditory cortex (AC). Using an avoidance conditioning procedure, thirsty rat...

This article deals with the estimation of sinusoidal parameters for non stationary sinusoids. It will be shown that for linear amplitude and frequency modulation only the frequency modulation creates additional estimation bias for the standard sinusoidal parameter estimator. Then a new algorithm for frequency domain demodulation of spectral peaks is proposed that can be used to obtain an approx...

The animal: Bats are the most numerous order of mammals, and the most diversified of any animals on earth. This incredible evolutionary success is probably due to the huge advantage that echolocation gives them over their competitors by allowing them to fly and hunt in the dark. Several species are commonly studied in the lab, including the big brown bat, which is an FM bat, the horseshoe bat, ...

The ability to automatically generate internal models from sensed data will be of critical importance in the development of flexible, adaptive and useful unmanned underwater vehicles. The subsequent recognition of objects based on these a-priori models, which may be incomplete or partial, will also be an essential component in the success of UUV missions. This paper describes and presents exper...

We present an overview of the bimodal amplitude-frequency-modulation (AM-FM) imaging mode of atomic force microscopy (AFM), whereby the fundamental eigenmode is driven by using the amplitude-modulation technique (AM-AFM) while a higher eigenmode is driven by using either the constant-excitation or the constant-amplitude variant of the frequency-modulation (FM-AFM) technique. We also offer a com...

The recent achievement of atomic resolution with dynamic atomic force microscopy (dAFM) [Fukuma et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 87, 034101], where quality factors of the oscillating probe are inherently low, challenges some accepted beliefs concerning sensitivity and resolution in dAFM imaging modes. Through analysis and experiment we study the performance metrics for high-resolution imaging wi...

We have developed a wideband digital frequency detector for high-speed frequency modulation atomic force microscopy (FM-AFM). We used a subtraction-based phase comparator (PC) in a phase-locked loop circuit instead of a commonly used multiplication-based PC, which has enhanced the detection bandwidth to 100 kHz. The quantitative analysis of the noise performance revealed that the internal noise...