Cryogen spray cooling (CSC) is used to protect the epidermis during dermatologic laser surgery. To date, the relative influence of the fundamental spray parameters on surface cooling remains incompletely understood. This study explores the effects of mass flow rate and average droplet velocity on the surface heat flux during CSC. It is shown that the effect of mass flow rate on the surface heat...

Flux limiting for hyperbolic systems requires a careful generalization of the design principles and algorithms introduced in the context of scalar conservation laws. In this chapter, we develop FCT-like algebraic flux correction schemes for the Euler equations of gas dynamics. In particular, we discuss the construction of artificial viscosity operators, the choice of variables to be limited, an...

This chapter illustrates the use of algebraic flux correction in the context of finite element methods for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations and related models. In the convection-dominated flow regime, nonlinear stability is enforced using algebraic flux correction. The numerical treatment of the incompressibility constraint is based on the ‘Multilevel Pressure Schur Complement’ (MPSC)...

In this Letter we examine the feasibility of performing spectroscopic measurements of the excitations reflected as a resonance in the dynamic susceptibility xs $ q, vd using flux flow devices. These devices can be fabricated from high temperature superconductors and used to probe the properties of another material (the specimen) placed in close proximity. A broad range of wave vector, $ q, and ...

We investigate flux flow state in the two-gap superconductor in which two s-wave gaps with different amplitudes exist on two separated Fermi surfaces. The flux flow resistivity is obtained based on the Bardeen-Stephen relation and the result agrees well with anomalous field dependence of the flow resistivity recently observed in the two-gap superconductor MgB2. Some typical properties of the vo...

The use of eddy flux of thickness between density surfaces has become a familiar starting point in oceanographic studies of adiabatic eddy effects on the mean density distribution. In this study, a dynamical analogy with the density thickness flux approach is explored to reexamine the theory of nonzonal wave–mean flow interaction in two-dimensional horizontal flows. By analogy with the density ...

Pool boiling heat transfer characteristics of Al2O3 -water nanofluids is studied experimentally using a NiCr test wire of 36 standard wire guage diameter. The experimental work mainly concentrated on (1) change of critical heat flux with different volume concentrations of nanofluid and (2) flow visualization of pool boiling using a fixed concentration of nanofluid at different heat flux values....

This Brief Communication reports early homogenization of capillary network flow during somatosensory activation in the rat cerebral cortex. We used optical coherence tomography and statistical intensity variation analysis for tracing changes in the red blood cell flux over hundreds of capillaries nearly at the same time with 1-s resolution. We observed that while the mean capillary flux exhibit...

A voltage-gated channel, called VDAC (mitochondrial porin) is known to be responsible for most of the metabolite flux across the mitochondrial outer membrane. Here, direct measurements of ATP flux through VDAC channels reconstituted into planar phospholipid membranes establish that VDAC is sufficient to provide passage for ATP efflux from mitochondria. Further, the gating of the channel can shu...