I. The Knoop test of hardness of materials has been used to test the hardness of human nail. 2. The range of hardness of nails was found to be small in healthy persons and large in malnourished children. 3. Nails from malnourished children were in general much harder than those from healthy persons. The nails of a small group of three children became softer while they were recovering from malnu...

Fracture of Tibia is the most common amongst pediatric fractures. Most tibial shaft fractures are treated conservatively with close reduction and above knee cast application. Surgery is indicated only when the fracture is unstable, open fracture and associated with multiple injuries. Flexible intramedullary nailing is commonly used for diaphyseal tibial fracture and is also well used in other l...

BACKGROUND Despite that a mid-third simple transverse femoral shaft fracture has been traditionally treated with an unlocked reamed intramedullary nail, recently a static locked reamed intramedullary nail has been favored by some orthopedists to avoid missing extended fracture lines. A prospective comparison of both nails was conducted to investigate the superiority between the nails from biome...

This study systematically reviews the evidence-base for the use of expandable nails in the treatment of acute diaphyseal fractures of the lower limb. Both electronic and hand searches were undertaken of the published and grey literature to 1 December 2011. A total of 154 citations were identified, of which 15 were deemed suitable and assessed with the Critical Appraisals Skills Programme tool. ...

of diaphyseal long bone fractures. Interlocking nails have transverse cannulations that accommodate transcortical screws, allowing surgeons to firmly fix the rod within the medullary canal, thereby effectively neutralizing bending, rotational, and axial forces that act on fractures. Interlocking nails have become increasingly To counter axial and rotational forces, intramedullary nails were dev...

We have recently developed target-specific derivatization methods for determining the metabolites in human nails. The nails can be used to obtain physiologic information and may serve as noninvasive biosamples for the diagnosis of chronic disease. Certain endogenous biogenic D,L-amino acids, polyamines, and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) have been detected in human nails. By identifying...

BACKGROUND Renal transplant recipients (RTR) are regarded as a group especially predisposed to onychomycosis. The exact mechanism of increased frequency of onychomycosis in RTR is however not fully understood. OBJECTIVES This study was undertaken to evaluate activity of hydrolitic enzymes of fungi most commonly causing fungal nail infections in RTR and to compare it with enzymatic activity of...

Six years ago a patient suffered a severe allergic reaction from sensitization to methyl methacrylate in a mixture of materials designed to make artificial nails. There was marked erythema, edema, and pain of the eponychial and paronychial tissues with persistent paresthesia of the finger tips. Gradual destruction of the nail plates developed and since no regrowth of the nails resumed in six ye...