OBJECTIVE To elucidate possible treatment-related etiological factors--such as, duration of treatment and apical displacement--for external root resorption. DESIGN Meta-analysis of the available English-language literature. INCLUSION & EXCLUSION CRITERIA Papers with a sample size > 10, fixed appliances, pre- and post-operative radiographs, and apical displacement recorded were included. His...

In this article, we consider distributed stochastic optimization over randomly switching networks, where agents collaboratively minimize the average of all agents’ local expectation-valued convex cost functions. Due to stochasticity in gradient observations, distributedness functions, and randomness communication topologies, algorithms with an exact convergence guarantee under fixed step-sizes ...

A computer simulation model for estimation of the interaction fields in fine particle systems has been developed. The method uses the experimental Ma(H) plot, constructed from the Fourier description of the initial magnetization curve and the hysteresis loop, and the M(H) plot, obtained from the remanence curves. The dependencies of the interaction fields on the external magnetic field have bee...

An understanding of the relationship between vegetation spatial heterogeneity and disturbance and its application to the management are important for maintaining biodiversity and functions of ecosystems. We examined the effects of disturbance by Siberian marmots on the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation at three spatial scales (fine, intermediate and coarse) in a Mongolian grassland. We establ...

Where f denotes Doppler Frequency, τ denotes multipath propagation delay, S (f,τ) denotes the scattering function. In a Power Delay Profile plot, the signal power of each multipath is plotted against their respective propagation delays. A sample power delay profile plot, shown below, indicates how a transmitted pulse gets received at the receiver with different signal strength as it travels thr...