The apical hook of tomato seedlings is exaggerated by phytochrome actions, while in other species such as bean, pea and Arabidopsis, the hook is exaggerated by ethylene and opens by phytochrome actions. The present study was aimed to clarify mainly whether ethylene is responsible for the phytochrome-mediated hook exaggeration of tomato seedlings. Dark-grown 5-day-old seedlings were subjected to...

Very often in Electrical Bioimpedance (EBI) spectroscopy measurements the presence of stray capacitances creates a measurement artefact commonly known as Hook Effect. Such an artefact creates a hook-alike deviation of the EBI data noticeable when representing the measurement on the impedance plane. Such Hook Effect is noticeable at high frequencies but it also causes a data deviation at lower m...

The axial proteins of the bacterial flagellum function as a drive shaft, universal joint, and propeller driven by the flagellar rotary motor; they also form the putative protein export channel. The N- and C-terminal sequences of the eight axial proteins were predicted to form interlocking alpha-domains generating an axial tube. We report on an approximately 1-nm resolution map of the hook from ...

The at-haulback mortality of swordfish (Xiphias gladius), a highly migratory fish, in the Indian Ocean during tuna longline fishery is concern Tuna Commission Fisheries Management. We obtained data 1144 recorded 1925 operations by Chinese observers from 2012–2018. A generalized linear model was used to analyze and potential influencing factors. overall rate 64.0%, average female size 166.3 cm (...

Four-day-old etiolated cucumber cotyledons (Cucumis sativus, L.) were excised and allowed to green in white fluorescent light at 28 C. Cotyledons excised with a full hypocotyl hook exhibited a lag phase of 1 hour before entering the rapid greening phase, whereas cotyledons excised without any hypocotyl hook exhibited a lag phase of 6 hours. Cotyledons excised with varying lengths of hypocotyl h...

BACKGROUND Complete biceps tendon avulsions are frequently missed on clinical examination, suggesting the need for a reliable diagnostic test. HYPOTHESIS Complete distal biceps avulsions can be reliably detected with the Hook test. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. METHODS The hook test was performed by a single surgeon in a cohort of 45 patients undergoing surg...

A young man was admitted for penetrating chest injury. He fell from a ladder and was stabbed by craftsmen meat hook (Fig. 1). Chest X-ray (Fig. 2A) was done. Exploration through sternotomy showed the hook penetrating the right atrium. The hook was removed (Fig. 2B) and the right atrium closed successfully. Fig. 1. The patient at admission. He is a painter who fell from a ladder on the craftsmen...

The bacterial flagellum consists of a long external filament connected to a membrane-embedded basal body at the cell surface by a short curved structure called the hook. In Salmonella enterica, the hook extends 55 nm from the cell surface. FliK, a secreted molecular ruler, controls hook length. Upon hook completion, FliK induces a secretion-specificity switch to filament-type substrate secretio...

The bacterial flagellar hook is a tubular helical structure made by the polymerization of multiple copies of a protein, FlgE. Here we report the structure of the hook from Campylobacter jejuni by cryo-electron microscopy at a resolution of 3.5 Å. On the basis of this structure, we show that the hook is stabilized by intricate inter-molecular interactions between FlgE molecules. Extra domains in...

Hooks of the flagella of Salmonella typhimurium were purified from an flaL mutant. Hook-associated proteins, namely HAP1, HAP2, and HAP3, were separated from them, and the antibody against each HAP was prepared. By immunoelectron microscopic observation, these three kinds of antiHAP antibodies were found to bind on the distal ends of hooks of filamentless mutants consistently with their composi...