Dissociated strabismus complex (DSC), comprising dissociated vertical deviation (DVD), dissociated horizontal deviation (DHD), and dissociated torsional deviation (DTD), is an enigmatic ocular misalignment disorder, for which multiple causes have been hypothesized. Evidence-based studies evaluating the pathophysiology of this unusual ocular motility disorder is of value to existing knowledge. L...

BACKGROUND To develop a new diagnostic technique to determine vertical ocular deviations when the center of the pupil is covered by swollen eyelids in up- and downgaze. PATIENTS AND METHODS In upgaze (downgaze) the reflex of a diagnostic lamp held at about 50 cm distance from the patient is observed on the lower (upper) limbus. In the case of an asymmetric reflex, prisms are used to obtain sy...

OBJECTIVE The static ocular counterroll (OCR) reflex generates partially compensatory torsional eye movements during head roll. It is mediated by the utricle in the inner ear. Skew deviation is a vertical strabismus thought to be caused by imbalance in the utriculo-ocular pathway. We hypothesized that if skew deviation is indeed caused by damage to this reflex pathway, patients with skew deviat...

purpose: to describe the clinical findings, preoperative radiologic findings and results of surgery in a patient with congenital bilateral hypoplasia of medial rectus muscle case report: a 50-year-old man presented with large angle incomitant horizontal deviation with marked deficit of adduction of both eyes. mri finding defined very thin medial rectus muscle. intraoperatively medial rectus mus...

PURPOSE To study the types of acquired restrictive strabismus treated in a tertiary hospital and the outcome of treatment with botulinum toxin. METHODS We performed a 10-year retrospective study of patients with restrictive strabismus aged ≥18 years who were treated with botulinum toxin. Treatment was considered successful if the final vertical deviation was ≤5 PD, horizontal deviation ≤10 PD...

Aims. To report outcomes of the simultaneous surgical correction of vertical rectus paralysis combined with moderate-to-large angle horizontal strabismus. Methods. If a preoperative forced duction test was positive, antagonist muscle weakening surgery was performed, and then augmented partial rectus muscle transposition (APRMT) + partial horizontal rectus recession-resection was performed 2 mon...

PURPOSE To elucidate the pathophysiology of dissociated horizontal deviation. METHODS The reversed fixation test was performed prospectively in 28 patients who developed consecutive exotropia following horizontal extraocular muscle surgery for infantile esotropia. All patients were assessed for the presence of adduction weakness, latent nystagmus, dissociated vertical divergence, and neurolog...

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess rotational patterns of dentofacial structures according to different vertical skeletal patterns by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and analyze their influence on menton deviation in skeletal Class III deformity with mandibular asymmetry. METHODS The control group consisted of 30 young adults (15 men, 15 women) without any severe skeletal ...