Using Greek high quality administrative data we show that class size has a hump shaped effect on achievement whereas most of the literature assumes linearity. We then embed our estimates for this relationship in dynamic structural model with costs hiring and firing. find sizes around 19 maximize attainment, existing result an average 22–23 being chosen. Firing are about same as consistent prese...

Serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine-dependent plateau potentials are found in spinal motoneurons in reduced turtle and cat preparations. Triggering the plateau potential by short-lasting synaptic excitation causes a prolonged self-sustained firing, which can be terminated by short-lasting synaptic inhibition. The presence of plateau potentials can also allow neurons to fire in a bistable manner...

Co-firing biomass plants are of extensive demand due to utilization of both agricultural residues (main) and natural gas (stand-by). Researchers have shown that one strategic decision in establishment of agricultural residues based plants, is location optimization problem. Moreover, mismatch between agricultural lands and biomass plants can lead to high transportation costs and related carbon d...

Persistent firing is believed to be a crucial mechanism for memory function including working memory. Recent in vivo and in vitro findings suggest an involvement of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in persistent firing. Using whole-cell patch-recording techniques in a rat entorhinal cortex (EC) slice preparation, we tested whether EC layer III neurons display persistent firing due to m...

Sleep exerts many effects on mammalian forebrain networks, including homeostatic effects on both synaptic strengths and firing rates. We used large-scale recordings to examine the activity of neurons in the frontal cortex of rats and first observed that the distribution of pyramidal cell firing rates was wide and strongly skewed toward high firing rates. Moreover, neurons from different parts o...

Recent evidence suggests that low and high firing neurons display different plasticity and dynamics. We therefore investigated the effects of sleep and waking states and state transitions on hippocampal CA1 neurons with a log-normal distribution of firing rates. We analyzed single unit spiking from 1017 putative pyramidal cells and 116 putative interneurons along with local field potentials of ...

We investigate the firing characteristics of conductance-based integrate-and-fire neurons and the correlation of firing for uncoupled pairs of neurons as a result of common input and synchronous firing of multiple synaptic inputs. Analytical approximations are derived for the moments of the steady state potential and the effective time constant. We show that postsynaptic firing barely depends o...

Co-firing is the efforts to reduce use of fossil fuel (coal) form steam power plant. Adding biomass as a partial boiler coal consumption thereby reducing carbon dioxide emissions which can have an impact on greenhouse effect. This co-firing study implemented 5-20% palm kernel shells. The emission has decreased very significantly in by 20%, Carbon (CO2) from 7% 0.9% and monoxide (CO) 759 Mg/Nm3 ...