cylinders utilising elastic materials of cylindrical anisotropy. The formulation is based on linear three dimensional elasticity using an analytic form for the displacement field. A similar formulation has been used in the study of waves in plates and more recently, by the authors, in homogeneous cylinders. We have now developed the necessary formulas to apply it to cylinders in which the inhom...

Background There is a dearth of literature that has looked at the psychological impact of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), and little is known about the understanding and awareness of FGM/C amongst counselling professionals. Method An online survey was completed by 2073 BACP members. The survey covered four broad themes: demographics; awareness and understanding of FGM/C; experience...

OBJECTIVE To describe the first dedicated clinic in the UK for children with suspected or confirmed female genital mutilation (FGM) including referral patterns, clinical findings and subsequent management. DESIGN AND SETTING A prospective study of all children seen in a dedicated multidisciplinary FGM clinic for children over a 1-year period. POPULATION Patients aged under 18 years referred...

Understanding the forces underpinning female genital mutilation/ cutting (FGM/C) is a necessary first step to prevent the continuation of a practice that is associated with health complications and human rights violations. To this end, a systematic review of 21 studies was conducted. Based on this review, the authors reveal six key factors that underpin FGM/C: cultural tradition, sexual morals,...

Background: Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a major public health problem, especially in developing countries. Method: This was a prospective observational cohort study conducted over six months duration (1st July-31st December 2015) at Omdurman Maternity Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan, primarily to determine whether exposure to FGM/C (exposed Vs. non-exposed) and degree of exposure (type III Vs....

This paper analyses Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), a traditional practice in many cultures in Africa (and countries with an African diaspora). FGM “is widely recognised as a violation of the human rights of girls and women” [1]. This paper follows mainstream academia: considering FGM as a type of violence against females – with harmful effects in both the short and long term [2]. Many researc...

OBJECTIVES In 1996, the U.S. Congress passed legislation making female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) illegal in the United States. CDC published the first estimates of the number of women and girls at risk for FGM/C in 1997. Since 2012, various constituencies have again raised concerns about the practice in the United States. We updated an earlier estimate of the number of women and girls ...

OBJECTIVE The WHO reports that female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is an ancient cultural practice prevalent in many countries. FGM/C has been reported among women resident in Australia. Our paper provides the first description of FGM/C in Australian children. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey conducted in April-June 2014. SETTING Paediatricians and other child health specialists recruite...

This paper analyses Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), a traditional practice in many cultures in Africa (and countries with an African diaspora). FGM “is widely recognised as a violation of the human rights of girls and women” [1]. This paper follows mainstream academia: considering FGM as a type of violence against females – with harmful effects in both the short and long term [2]. Many researc...