A person's sex can be considered across various levels. To illustrate, genes, hormones, and genitalia can all be considered physical markers of a person's sex. In addition to physical markers, behaviors such as gender role, gender identity and sexual orientation can be perceived as stereotypically male or female. The purpose of this review is to summarize current knowledge of sexual differentia...

Acasis appensata (Eversmann, 1842) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), distributed from central and northern Europe to eastern Asia, was collected in the Mediterranean (Central Italy, Abruzzi) for the first time. Adults from this region differ significantly from nominotypical populations in external appearance and in the 5’ barcode fragment of the CO1 gene (barcode). However, morphology of male and fem...

The current practice of female circumcision in some communities, including some Islamic communities, is a form of genital mutilation. This results in structural distortion of the female external genitalia and defective sexuality, in addition to the associated immediate and late complication. Such practice should be condemned and the mutilated genitalia should be restored whenever feasible. 32 f...

A new species, Apatenia stysi Trýzna & Baňař sp. nov. (Anthribidae: Anthribinae: Corrhecerini), from north-west Mad-agascar is described and the female allotype of Apatenia quadristigma Frieser, 1981 is redescribed. Female genitalia of A. stysi sp. nov. are studied and illustrated.

A new species of the genus Ronderosia Cigliano 1997 is described. Color illustrations of the female and male, drawings of female and male external genitalia as well as drawings of its phallic structures and photographs of the chromosomes are included.

Agaporomorphus sharynae sp. n. is described from Amazonas, Venezuela. Agaporomorphus Zimmermann, 1921 now includes nine known species. The new species is part of the A. knishi species group since it has similarly convoluted male genitalia with rows of setae on the dorsal surface. Males can be separated from those of other members of the genus by the structure of the abdominal ventrites, shape o...

One of the most sweeping of all patterns in morphological evolution is that animal genitalia tend to diverge more rapidly than do other structures. Abundant indirect evidence supports the cryptic female choice (CFC) explanation of this pattern, which supposes that male genitalia often function to court females during copulation; but direct experimental demonstrations of a stimulatory function h...

Aesalus zhejiangensis Huang & Bi, sp. nov. is described from Mt. Fengyangshan, southern Zhejiang, China. It is the second species of the lucanid genus Aesalus Fabricius known from continental China. This new species is similar to the Indo-Chinese species Aesalus satoi, but can be distinguished by the longer canthus, male with shorter non-sclerotized distal portion of penis (medial lobe of param...

Female moles of the Old World genus Talpa display a curious suite of reproductive features that include a peniform clitoris and ovaries with a discrete interstitial gland or testis-like region (so-called 'ovotestes'). The masculinization of the female external genitalia in Talpa has accordingly been linked with secretion of androgens from the interstitial gland region of the fetal gonad. Althou...

Female genital mutilation (FGM) includes procedures involving the partial or total removal of the external female genitals for non-therapeutic reasons. They can have negative psychosexual and health consequences that need specific care. In this paper, we review some key knowledge gaps in the clinical care of women with FGM, focusing on obstetric outcomes, surgical interventions (defibulation an...