This study aimed to explain the assertive illocutionary speech of Minangkabau cultural leaders in context a monologue termed Pitaruah Ayah, containing values wrapped metaphorical speech. research refers Searle’s act theory and descriptive qualitative methods were used. Data collected from records all speeches through transcription in-depth interviews. analyzed using agitated equivalent method o...

Abstract In recent work on the semantics of definite descriptions, some theorists (Elbourne in Definite Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2013; Schoubye Noûs 47(3):496–533, 2013) have advocated broadly Fregean accounts, whereby a description ‘the F ’ introduces presupposition to effect that there is exactly one and refers it if is, while other (Abbott, in: Gundel, Hedberg (eds) Reference: Interd...

This paper establishes a difference between solipistic and inter-subjective profiles of the attitudes across epistemic bouletic domain. Revisiting classical Hamblinian view, we propose that feature speech-act like content, which present p for uptake in common ground argue with bouletics is ‘realization’. Focusing on debated distinction action-oriented vs. mere desire reports, derive actionabili...

There are three ways to refer to a fact from the complement of a factive verb: 1) via abstract object anaphoric reference, or, with a full sentential complement that will be interpreted either 2) as a bound presupposition or 3) as triggering a presupposition of a fact that will have to be accommodated. Spoken corpus examples reveal that these three possibilities differ in relation to the type o...

A central challenge for all theories of conversational implicature (Grice, 1957, 1975) is characterizing the fundamental tension between Quantity (Q) implicature, in which utterance meaning is refined through exclusion of the meanings of alternative utterances, and Informativeness (I ) implicature, in which utterance meaning is refined by strengthening to the prototypical case (Atlas & Levinson...

Although infants say "no" early, older children have difficulty understanding its truth-functional meaning. Two experiments investigate whether this difficulty stems from the infelicity of negative sentences out of the blue. In Experiment 1, given supportive discourse, 3-year-olds (N = 16) understood both affirmative and negative sentences. However, with sentence types randomized, 2-year-olds (...

Let be a binary relation in which is a real vector space of vector-valued discrete-time Ð ¤ ß Z Ñ Z stochastic processes with as the sequence of zero vectors. If satisfies four axioms, then ! Ð ¤ ß Z Ñ there are unique discount factors such that preferences regarding stochastic processes induce prefences among present value random vectors. Three of the axioms are familiar: weak ordering, contin...